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Halloween Mischief Night Preceded Trick or Treating Halloween ...

2026-10-21T03:26:02Z

Halloween Mischief Night Preceded Trick or Treating

Halloween pranks and mischief-making have been a part of Halloween in America for at least 150 years. When the Irish and the Scottish immigrants came to North America, they brought with them their Hallow’s Eve traditions. The Celtic festival that marked the end of the harvest season was thought to bring with it both good and evil spirits.
By the late 1800s, young people in the U.S. interpreted this as a time to create mischief and pull pranks.
Pranks Pulled
Many of the ideas young people came up with were quite annoying but not necessarily dangerous. They soaped store windows or switched street signs, sometimes changing out street and store signs.
However, some years the trouble-making progressed to pranks that were costly to remedy. In the West, young people opened gates so a rancher’s livestock could wander freely. Tipping over outhouses was popular—and unpleasant. In at least one town, the young men removed an exterior staircase from the outside of a building.
In the days of wagons and buggies, young boys would sometimes disassemble the buggy and reassemble it on a rooftop somewhere. Super annoying but quite enterprising of the kids!
When there was too much drinking, fistfights occurred. In some communities, organizations like the Ku Klux Klan used Halloween as an excuse to create trouble.
Change Came to Anoka, Minnesota
Mischief-making became part of Hallow’s Eve (October 30) in the late 1800s. Then, as now, young people looked for ways to pull pranks.
The ideas young people came up with tended to be annoying not dangerous. They soaped store windows or switched street signs, or sometimes even changed out store signs.
However, some years the trouble-making progressed to pranks that were costly to remedy. In the West, young people opened gates so a rancher’s livestock could wander free. Tipping over outhouses was popular—and unpleasant, and in at least one town, the young men removed an exterior staircase from outside of a building.
When there was too much drinking, fistfights occurred. In some communities, organizations like the Ku Klux Klan used Halloween as an excuse to create trouble.
Change Came to Anoka, Minnesota
In Anoka, Minnesota—now the “Halloween Capital of the World”—their website explains why they needed an alternative for Hallow’s Eve:
As the story goes, on November 1, 1919, several prominent Anoka County citizens, including the sheriff, began their days with quite the surprise. Sometime in the night, under the cover of a waxing Halloween moon, a number of live cows had been wrangled and left to roam the streets. One was found in the jail, another in the sheriff’s office, and a bull locked inside a school classroom had spent the night munching on math books.
Positive Mischief Night Alternatives
To counter these types of pranks, schools and communities did the best they could to curb vandalism, usually by sponsoring various types of community parties or parades.
In Anoka in 1920, community leaders started holding a Halloween parade. The custom continues to this day. (Only in 1942 and 1943 did they have to cancel because of wartime activities.) After the parade, a huge bonfire is held in the town square. A scroll through their website shows that the community now holds festive events for at least six weeks around the holiday.
Elsewhere in the nation, the Boy Scouts, fire departments, and community groups organize safe events. They sponsor carnivals, spooky houses , and decorating contests to provide fun for families in ways that minimize mischief.
For more on Halloween see “Why Carved Pumpkins are a Symbol of Halloween” and “Countdown to Halloween.”
In Anoka, Minnesota—now the “Halloween Capital of the World”—their website explains why they needed an alternative for Hallow’s Eve:
As the story goes, on November 1, 1919, several prominent Anoka County citizens, including the sheriff, began their days with quite the surprise. Sometime in the night, under the cover of a waxing Halloween moon, a number of live cows had been wrangled and left to roam the streets. One was found in the jail, another in the sheriff’s office, and a bull locked inside a school classroom had spent the night munching on math books.
Positive Mischief Night Alternatives
To counter these types of pranks, schools and communities did the best they could to curb vandalism, usually by sponsoring various types of community parties or parades.
In Anoka, community leaders started holding a Halloween parade in 1920. The custom continues to this day. (Only in 1942 and 1943 did they have to cancel because of wartime activities.) After the parade, a huge bonfire is held in the town square. A scroll through their website shows that the community now holds festive events for at least six weeks around the holiday.
Elsewhere in the nation, the Boy Scouts, fire departments, and community groups organize safe events. They sponsor carnivals, spooky houses , and decorating contests to provide fun for families in ways that minimize mischief.
For more on Halloween see “Why Carved Pumpkins are a Symbol of Halloween” and “Countdown to Halloween.”
Frequently Asked Question about Mischief Night and Halloween
Q: Why do we have Mischief Night bfore Halloween?
A: When Scottish and Irish immigrants arrived in this country, they came with their own traditions. One of them was that Hallow’s Eve brought with it both good and evil spirits. The “evil spirits” have morphed into teens playing pranks.
This post Halloween Mischief Night Preceded Trick or Treating was written by Kate Kelly and first appeared on America Comes Alive.

https://americacomesalive.com/halloween-mischief-preceded-practice-of-trick-or-treating/

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The New York Amsterdam News The New York Amsterdam News was ...

2026-10-18T03:26:47Z

The New York Amsterdam News

The New York Amsterdam News was founded in Manhattan in 1909 by James H. Anderson. From Anderson’s humble beginnings and his $10 investment, the newspaper grew to be one of the most influential Black-owned newspapers in the United States.
Current location of the New York Amsterdam News
Anderson’s original intent was to create a weekly community paper highlighting local news, including weddings, social news and information about the neighborhood. Its location in the heart of a Black community in Manhattan soon led Anderson to cover politics as well as the burgeoning jazz scene and the Harlem Renaissance.
Major figures like W.E.B. Du Bois, Adam Clayton Powell Jr, and William Pickens were given voice in its pages. Both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote columns for the newspaper, leading to important coverage of topics like desegregation of the military and the civil rights movement.
Today, The New York Amsterdam News remains a strong and active part of New York, both in print and online.
Table of contents
James Anderson, Founder
San Juan Hill
First Issue of Amsterdam News
Popularizing the Newspaper
Editorial Features
Music All Around San Juan Hill
James Reese Europe
Newspaper Office Relocates
E.A. Warren-Davis Publishing Company
New Owners
Newspaper Expands
Nation of Islam in Harlem
Johnson Hinton Crisis
More Civil Rights Coverage
Powell Era Comes to a Close
Tatum Era
View of the City
Balanced Coverage
Wrongfully Convicted
Wilbert Tatum Steps Down
Former Headquarters of the New York Amsterdam News Landmarked
James Anderson, Founder
Though little has been written about James Anderson, researchers at Schomberg Public Library discovered his story, and their research is well-explained in “Legends of San Juan Hill,” published online by Lincoln Center. In digging through their archives, the librarians uncovered a notebook that belonged to Anderson. He was born in 1867 to a family named Goode in Columbia, South Carolina. His home life was miserable, and when he was 12, he escaped to a relative’s home. His uncle, James Henry Anderson, adopted him, giving the boy his full name.
Masthead used for the New York Amsterdam News in 1926,
During his teen years, Anderston moved to several locations, including Wilmington, North Carolina, Jacksonville, Florida, and Newport News, Virginia. At the age of 23 (1883), he was living in Brooklyn working at various jobs including as a bellhop, a baker, and a sexton. At one point, he owned a sign shop.
San Juan Hill
By the early 1900s, Anderson moved to the San Juan Hill section of New York City. (This neighborhood was in the west 60s, later bulldozed to create Lincoln Center in the 1960s.) During Anderson’s time, it was a lively community with working class Black people—Pullman porters, maids, and working people of all types. There were a few Irish in the neighborhood, but it was primarily a Black and Caribbean community.
Anderson was very much involved in the area. He was a member of the Masons and the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows. He was also part of the Emancipation Commission of New York. These organizations gave him strong social connections and helped him understand the community, giving him a vision for what he wanted to do with a newspaper.
Anderson believed a local paper for Black residents would provide the essential “glue” to hold the community together. Emancipation was only several decades old. Anderson knew the paper had to hold the line for civil rights, but his focus remained on the people themselves—highlighting social news, community milestones, and the joyful moments of everyday life in the neighborhood.
He also eventually focused on music and the arts. The area was famous for its vibrant street life, dance halls, and jazz/ragtime clubs. The Black-owned Marshall Hotel was several blocks south of his apartment, and it became a thriving area for artists and jazz musicians.
First Issue of Amsterdam News
Anderson’s apartment looked out over Amsterdam Avenue, the commercial spine of the upper West Side. When he created his first issue, he chose “Amsterdam” as part of the newspaper’s title, knowing that his potential advertisers were in and around that area.
All research sources that tell about the inception of the Amsterdam News report that Anderson worked on a dressmaker’s table using a lead pencil to write up six pages of local news. His financial investment was said to $10, which may have gone toward printing costs. Once he had copies of the newspaper in hand, he sent young kids out to sell it for a penny per newspaper.
During these first few months, Anderson did everything himself– reporting, editing, selling advertising, distributing and promoting it. His on-the-ground viewpoint revealed what needed to be done.
Newsboys selling the New York Amsterdam News
Popularizing the Newspaper
Anderson was a natural at promotion. He had innovative ideas for getting the newspaper into the hands of readers.
In that era, most newspapers were sold at newsstands, so Anderson regularly traveled the route, dropping off new issues of the newspaper at the local newsstands. The next challenge was to make the newsstand operators see the value of the newspaper so they would provide prominent placement for the Amsterdam News.
Using a reverse newsboy system, he organized the young people in the neighborhood and paid them each a nickel in advance. Their job was to visit a newsstand and purchase four papers for a penny each, while declaring, “I need to buy that outstanding newspaper, the Amsterdam News!”
They then were to hand out the four copies to people on the street who might be likely readers. The final penny from each newsboy’s nickel was his to keep.
Anderson also prevailed upon some of his prominent friends. He knew both bandleader James Reese Europe as well as historian and writer Arturo Schomberg, and he asked them to carry the newspaper with them so people would wonder what it was.
Public transit also figured prominently in his promotion. Anderson would board a trolley and hold the newspaper up while reading it so people could see the name. When he got off, he folded the newspaper and left it behind knowing that others would pick it up and read it.
Editorial Features
In addition to the local news, Anderson experimented with other ideas. He realized that short fiction might be a plus for readers who didn’t necessarily have time to read a long book. One of the first short stories he ran was a reprint of “The Siege of Berlin,” about the Franco-Prussian War of by French novelist Alphonse Daudet.
He was a close friend of Reverend Richard M. Bolden, the pastor of the Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) Church (one of America’s oldest and most significant Black churches). Anderson decided that publishing a weekly sermon by Bolden was a good fit for the Amsterdam News. The pastor was delighted with the exposure, and soon he allowed the sale of the newspaper at the church on Sundays.
This connection greatly expanded the range of the Amsterdam News. The church itself was the first AME Zion Church in the country (founded in 1796). It began in Greenwich Village and moved to the Upper West Side in 1904. As more people migrated from the South and settled in upper Manhattan, the church eventually relocated to West 136th Street. The movement to different neighborhoods expanded the congregant base, which also widened the newspaper’s readership.
Music All Around San Juan Hill
San Juan Hill was a working-class neighborhood, and there was a huge music scene that was a vital part of the community. Just steps from James Anderson’s apartment stood a music hall at 22 West 63rd Street. In 1921, a team of visionaries—composer Eubie Blake, lyricist Noble Sissle, and comedy writers Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles—were looking for a venue to stage an all-Black musical. The hall’s proximity to Midtown made it the ideal spot to launch Shuffle Along. The production made history with its all-Black cast and creative team. It also introduced enduring standards to the Great American Songbook, including “Love Will Find a Way” and “I’m Just Wild About Harry.”
Just a few blocks south of Anderson’s apartment stood the Marshall Hotel, a Black-owned social and intellectual hub of the area. Located at 127 West 53rd Street and managed by James “Jimmie” Marshall, it functioned as a boutique hotel, restaurant, salon, and meeting house. In its dining rooms, artists experimented with syncopated rhythms and early ragtime, creating the blueprint for jazz.
It became a gathering place for Black artists, writers, and intellectuals. Luminaries like W.E.B. Du Bois, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and Aida Overton Walker mingled there but it was not exclusive–white producers like Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. stopped by.
James Reese Europe
James Reese Europe
The hotel was also a home base for band conductor James Reese Europe. In addition to his work as a bandleader, he saw the need for a booking agency to help Black musicians secure steady work and get fair wages. Europe came up with the concept of the Clef Club, and the offices were established right there at the Marshall.
While it took until World War I before jazz, ragtime, and rhythm and blues came to prominence outside the Black community, the music itself was being written right there and performed with one major newspaper to cover it: The New York Amsterdam News.
Newspaper Office Relocates
Just a year or so after establishing the newspaper, Anderson moved it out of his apartment. He saw that many Blacks from the South were moving to Harlem so he took offices at 17 West 135th Street. In the meantime, he continued to live on West 65th Street where he observed all that was happening in San Juan Hill.
The music and culture of the area continued to grow, but there were new issues—overcrowding and the dangers of the New York Central Railroad. The rail lines were being built along the West Side, and many trains ran at grade level making the neighborhood dangerous for delivery carts and pedestrians.
During these years, Anderson had steady help from his friend and photographer Edward A. Warren. When Anderson expressed interest in taking a partner, Warren took him up on the idea. Shortly after the two linked up, they decided they needed a different office from the one on West 135th Street, and they moved around the corner at 2293 Seventh Avenue (now Adam Clayton Powell Blvd.)
The partners had only a few years to work together. In 1921, Warren died unexpectedly. His widow, Sadie, stepped in to protect the couple’s investment. She then married a fellow named William H. Davis. Anderson had invested time and money over the previous ten years. When Sadie and William Davis offered to buy him out, he was ready.
E.A. Warren-Davis Publishing Company
The couple published under the name E.A. Warren-Davis Publishing Company and got off to a good start. By 1930, just before the business downturn, the staff of the Amsterdam News had reason to celebrate. In a sure sign of commercial success, it became the second Black newspaper admitted to the Audit Bureau of Circulation. This added legitimacy to their circulation number and established better advertising rates.
Unfortunately, the euphoria did not last long. The Depression was bringing down businesses everywhere. The newspaper debt built up, and Warren-Davis Publishing could no longer pay their staff. By 1936, the staff was on strike, and the Davises filed for bankruptcy.
This building was landmarked as being the home of the New York Amsterdam News during its formative years from 1916-1938.
New Owners
Despite the deepening Depression, two successful Black medical professionals saw possibilities in buying the newspaper out of bankruptcy.
Dr. C.B. (Clilan Bethany) Powell (1894-1977) attended medical school and interned at Bellevue before working for 8 years at Harlem Hospital. He was one of the first African Americans to specialize in X-rays, and he ran a successful radiology practice in Harlem for 25 years.
He and friend Dr. Philip M. H. Savory (1889-1965) believed in supporting the Black community by establishing businesses that often discriminated against African Americans. By the mid-1930s, they owned a life insurance company, four funeral homes, and a real estate company.
To them, the New York Amsterdam News offered the opportunity to serve the community but also boost their own businesses. The offer they made was $5000 for the newspaper, while also guaranteeing coverage of about three-quarters of the newspaper’s debts.
The next issue was creating a workable climate for the employees who went out on strike when the former owners could no longer pay them. Powell and Savory knew the value of a good staff, so they agreed to full unionization of all departments of the newspaper. Newspapers at that time were not fully unionized, so this was a national first.
Dr. Powell took the role of publisher and stayed in the position until 1971, expanding the operation. At the time, they did not foresee that the newspaper they acquired would soon take its rightful place on the national stage.
Newspaper Expands
C.B. Powell was well-suited to his new job. He was active in politics and knowledgeable about world affairs. He kept the focus on local news but added staff members to cover national issues. Black families were deeply affected by redlining in neighborhoods, police brutality, and segregation in the military during World War II. Powell had the staff cover it all.
By 1940, the newspaper hit peak influence with circulation exceeding 100,000, establishing itself as a premier Black press outlet, second only to the Chicago Defender (established in 1905).
Nation of Islam in Harlem
Although early 1950s Harlem was celebrated as the cultural and political capital of Black America, systemic inequality persisted. As impatience with the slow pace of progress grew, many Black residents felt mainstream groups like the NAACP and Urban League were letting them down. This disillusionment created fertile ground for the Nation of Islam, a religious movement that was gaining steam in Harlem, under a young leader who called himself Malcolm X. Powell had his eye on him.
Born in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925, Malcolm Little experienced a tragic childhood marred by racist violence, and family loss that was followed by foster care. By his late teens, Malcolm lived in Boston and Harlem, and earned his living by stealing and street hustling. When he was picked up by the police in 1946, he received a ten-year prison sentence.
During incarceration, he was influenced by some of the other prisoners and thought a lot about what his siblings told him about the teachings of Elijah Muhammad who started the Nation of Islam. During this time, he became a follower and adopted the surname “X.”
When he was paroled in 1952, he devoted himself to spreading believe in the Nation of Islam. He established temples in Detroit, Boston, and Philadelphia. In 1954, leader Elijah Muhammad sent him to Harlem to lead Temple No. 7.
Malcolm X was perfect for it. As a young man who had matured under adverse circumstances, he understood the street-level discontent of the African Americans in the area, and he could speak convincingly to their concerns. Within a few years, he built a powerful local base centered on self-defense, economic independence, and Black nationalism.
Throughout this time, C.B. Powell listened and watched looking for the best way to cover the ongoing stories. Then an unfortunate one presented itself. The Johnson Hinton affair brought it all to a head.
Press photograph of Malcolm X
Johnson Hinton Crisis
On April 14, 1957, at the corner of 125th Street and Seventh Avenue, New York Police Department officers brutally beat a Black man named Reese Poe. Watching the assault unfold, Johnson Hinton, a local working-class resident, stepped forward to confront them: “You’re not in Alabama—this is New York!”
Caught off guard, the police turned on Hinton with fury. They grabbed him, pounding him with their nightsticks and fracturing his skull. The police then hauled him off to the 28th Precinct for booking, never offering him medical assistance.
Malcolm X heard what happened to one of his congregants and called up the “Fruit of Islam,” a paramilitary group he had formed. H

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