{ "id": "1dfc7fe9c1f83be728f33c70e22a09ff56d56c7af5e38e7fdbe5e815e0001374", "pubkey": "8bcfbc7a83ac7ccca47f58aa65b75fc6856f9878a9735be5fd96d8b80aa22a31", "created_at": 1780309022, "kind": 32616, "tags": [ [ "d", "matricaria-chamomilla" ], [ "title", "Matricaria chamomilla" ], [ "name", "Matricaria chamomilla" ], [ "rank", "species" ], [ "status", "expert_verified" ], [ "verified_count", "1" ], [ "schema", "belenos-species/2" ], [ "family", "Asteraceae" ], [ "gbif", "8370958" ], [ "iucn", "NE" ], [ "country", "Galápagos Islands" ], [ "country", "North America" ], [ "country", "Villavicencio | Manizales" ], [ "country", "Bogotá" ], [ "country", "England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Orkney Isl. [I], Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Baleares (Mallorca, Menorca); France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia \u0026 Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (very widespread, incl. all islands)); Crete; S-European Russia; Estonia [I]; Latvia [I]; Lithuania [I]; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia (incl. Kaliningrad region); Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Egypt (Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt); Azores (Faial); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Mali [I]; Ethiopia [I]; Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East [I] (Magadan [I], Primorye [I]); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (Central Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (EC-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Kabul); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria); Israel (C-Israel, coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai); Qatar [I]; China (Anhui, Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang); Mongolia; South Korea [I]; Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan, Kurram, Pakistani Punjab, Lahore); India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu \u0026 Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Punjab); Java [I]; Australia [I] (South Australia [I], New South Wales [I]); Greenland [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arizona [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Iowa [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Maine [I], Maryland [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Mississippi [I], Missouri [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], North Dakota [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Vermont [I], Virginia [I], Washington [I], Wisconsin [I]); Mexico [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Cuba [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Colombia [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Paraguay [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Antofagasta [I], Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O'Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Lagos [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]" ], [ "country", "Afghanistan" ], [ "country", "Alabama" ], [ "country", "Albania" ], [ "country", "Alberta" ], [ "country", "Algeria" ], [ "country", "Altay" ], [ "country", "Arizona" ], [ "country", "Arkansas" ], [ "country", "Austria" ], [ "country", "Azores" ], [ "country", "Baleares" ], [ "country", "Baltic States" ], [ "country", "Belarus" ], [ "country", "Belgium" ], [ "country", "Bolivia" ], [ "country", "British Columbia" ], [ "country", "Bulgaria" ], [ "country", "Buryatiya" ], [ "country", "California" ], [ "country", "Canary Is." ], [ "country", "Central European Russia" ], [ "country", "China North-Central" ], [ "country", "China South-Central" ], [ "country", "China Southeast" ], [ "country", "Colombia" ], [ "country", "Connecticut" ], [ "country", "Corse" ], [ "country", "Costa Rica" ], [ "country", "Cuba" ], [ "country", "Cyprus" ], [ "country", "Czechia-Slovakia" ], [ "country", "Denmark" ], [ "country", "District of Columbia" ], [ "country", "Dominican Republic" ], [ "country", "East Aegean Is." ], [ "common", "German chamomile", "en" ], [ "common", "Hungarian chamomile", "en" ], [ "common", "Chamomile", "en" ], [ "common", "Annual Chamomile", "en" ], [ "common", "Blue Chamomile", "en" ], [ "common", "Common Chamomile", "en" ], [ "common", "Crown Mayweed", "en" ], [ "common", "German Camomile", "en" ], [ "common", "German mayweed", "en" ], [ "common", "Matricaria", "en" ], [ "common", "Scented Chamomile", "en" ], [ "common", "Scented Mayweed", "en" ], [ "image", "https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/d419eee938c87012bdcb58b85235d2c6557f060191ba0751162e5dd2dbac1998.jpg", "d419eee938c87012bdcb58b85235d2c6557f060191ba0751162e5dd2dbac1998", "flower" ], [ "image", "https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/c648559a4080a9d54e195c27a96977767db43f51b6efafe237c20f1c26de8e6a.jpg", "c648559a4080a9d54e195c27a96977767db43f51b6efafe237c20f1c26de8e6a", "flower" ], [ "image", "https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/89ab6bf30941cf91dcaa28af269d7b2ba61bc1ef3e27813af130af8c86434d47.jpg", "89ab6bf30941cf91dcaa28af269d7b2ba61bc1ef3e27813af130af8c86434d47", "habit" ], [ "t", "edible" ], [ "t", "medicinal" ], [ "t", "artisanal" ] ], "content": "{\"schema\":\"belenos-species/2\",\"binomial\":\"Matricaria chamomilla\",\"authorship\":\"L.\",\"rank\":\"species\",\"taxonomy\":{\"kingdom\":\"Plantae\",\"phylum\":\"Tracheophyta\",\"class\":\"Magnoliopsida\",\"order\":\"Asterales\",\"family\":\"Asteraceae\",\"genus\":\"Matricaria\"},\"family\":\"Asteraceae\",\"gbif_taxon_id\":8370958,\"powo_id\":null,\"common_names\":[{\"name\":\"German chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Hungarian chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Annual Chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Blue Chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Common Chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Crown Mayweed\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"German Camomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"German mayweed\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Matricaria\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Scented Chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Scented Mayweed\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Sweet False Chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"True Chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Wild Chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"false chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"fragrant chamomile\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Amranwen\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Amranwen Bêr\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Amranwen Cyffredin\",\"lang\":\"cym\"}],\"region\":{\"countries\":[\"Galápagos Islands\",\"North America\",\"Villavicencio | Manizales\",\"Bogotá\",\"England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Orkney Isl. [I], Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Baleares (Mallorca, Menorca); France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia \u0026 Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (very widespread, incl. all islands)); Crete; S-European Russia; Estonia [I]; Latvia [I]; Lithuania [I]; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia (incl. Kaliningrad region); Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Egypt (Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt); Azores (Faial); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Mali [I]; Ethiopia [I]; Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East [I] (Magadan [I], Primorye [I]); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (Central Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (EC-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Kabul); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria); Israel (C-Israel, coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai); Qatar [I]; China (Anhui, Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang); Mongolia; South Korea [I]; Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan, Kurram, Pakistani Punjab, Lahore); India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu \u0026 Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Punjab); Java [I]; Australia [I] (South Australia [I], New South Wales [I]); Greenland [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arizona [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Iowa [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Maine [I], Maryland [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Mississippi [I], Missouri [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], North Dakota [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Vermont [I], Virginia [I], Washington [I], Wisconsin [I]); Mexico [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Cuba [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Colombia [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Paraguay [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Antofagasta [I], Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O'Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Lagos [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]\",\"Afghanistan\",\"Alabama\",\"Albania\",\"Alberta\",\"Algeria\",\"Altay\",\"Arizona\",\"Arkansas\",\"Austria\",\"Azores\",\"Baleares\",\"Baltic States\",\"Belarus\",\"Belgium\",\"Bolivia\",\"British Columbia\",\"Bulgaria\",\"Buryatiya\",\"California\",\"Canary Is.\",\"Central European Russia\",\"China North-Central\",\"China South-Central\",\"China Southeast\",\"Colombia\",\"Connecticut\",\"Corse\",\"Costa Rica\",\"Cuba\",\"Cyprus\",\"Czechia-Slovakia\",\"Denmark\",\"District of Columbia\",\"Dominican Republic\",\"East Aegean Is.\",\"East European Russia\",\"Ecuador\",\"Egypt\",\"El Salvador\",\"Ethiopia\",\"Finland\",\"France\",\"Germany\",\"Great Britain\",\"Greece\",\"Greenland\",\"Guatemala\",\"Gulf States\",\"Honduras\",\"Hungary\",\"Illinois\",\"Indiana\",\"Iowa\",\"Iran\",\"Iraq\",\"Ireland\",\"Irkutsk\",\"Italy\",\"Jawa\",\"Juan Fernández Is.\",\"Kansas\",\"Kazakhstan\",\"Kentucky\",\"Kirgizstan\",\"Korea\",\"Krasnoyarsk\",\"Kriti\",\"Krym\",\"Lebanon-Syria\",\"Magadan\",\"Maine\",\"Mali\",\"Manchuria\",\"Manitoba\",\"Maryland\",\"Massachusetts\",\"Mexico Southeast\",\"Michigan\",\"Minnesota\",\"Mississippi\",\"Missouri\",\"Mongolia\",\"Morocco\",\"Myanmar\",\"NW. Balkan Pen.\",\"Netherlands\",\"New Jersey\",\"New South Wales\",\"New York\",\"New Zealand North\",\"New Zealand South\",\"Newfoundland\",\"Nicaragua\",\"North Caucasus\",\"North Dakota\",\"North European Russia\",\"Northwest European Russia\",\"Norway\",\"Nova Scotia\",\"Ohio\",\"Ontario\",\"Oregon\",\"Pakistan\",\"Palestine\",\"Paraguay\",\"Pennsylvania\",\"Peru\",\"Poland\",\"Portugal\",\"Primorye\",\"Québec\",\"Rhode I.\",\"Romania\",\"Sardegna\",\"Saskatchewan\",\"Sicilia\",\"Sinai\",\"South Australia\",\"South European Russia\",\"Spain\",\"Sweden\",\"Switzerland\",\"Tadzhikistan\",\"Tasmania\",\"Tennessee\",\"Texas\",\"Transcaucasus\",\"Tunisia\",\"Tuva\",\"Türkiye-in-Europe\",\"Türkiye\",\"Ukraine\",\"Uruguay\",\"Utah\",\"Uzbekistan\",\"Vermont\",\"Vietnam\",\"Virginia\",\"Washington\",\"West Himalaya\",\"West Siberia\",\"Wisconsin\",\"Xinjiang\",\"Yakutiya\",\"AM\",\"AR\",\"AU\",\"BE\",\"BO\",\"BR\",\"BY\",\"CA\",\"CL\",\"CO\",\"CR\",\"CZ\",\"DE\",\"DK\",\"FR\",\"GL\",\"IE\",\"IS\",\"JP\",\"KG\",\"LU\",\"NO\",\"PE\",\"PL\",\"PT\"],\"summary\":\"Native to southern and eastern Europe, this species has been introduced and naturalized on all inhabited continents. It thrives in well-balanced soils and is commonly found in cultivated fields, disturbed areas, and gardens.\"},\"scarcity\":{\"iucn_code\":\"NE\",\"iucn_category\":\"NOT_EVALUATED\",\"source\":\"gbif-iucn\"},\"summary\":\"Matricaria chamomilla, commonly known as German chamomile, is an annual herb in the Asteraceae family recognized for its fragrant, daisy-like flowers with white ray florets and yellow disc florets. It is widely cultivated and naturalized globally, primarily valued for its essential oils and use in herbal teas. The plant's name derives from the Greek for earth-apple, reflecting its characteristic apple-like scent.\",\"uses\":{\"beneficial\":\"The flowers are widely harvested to produce herbal tea and to extract essential oils rich in bisabolol and chamazulene for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. It is also grown as an ornamental garden plant and a companion plant in agriculture.\",\"medicinal\":\"Historically, the flowers have been brewed into teas and infusions in traditional herbalism to soothe digestive discomfort, ease menstrual cramps, and promote sleep. Topical preparations were also traditionally applied to calm skin irritations and minor wounds.\",\"artisanal\":\"The flowers are sometimes used in traditional crafts to produce a mild yellow dye for fabrics and yarns. Dried flower heads are also frequently incorporated into potpourri and scented sachets.\"},\"culture\":{\"mythology\":\"In various European folk traditions, chamomile is associated with the sun and is believed to bring prosperity, peace, and protection against negative energy. It was historically strewn on floors or burned as incense to purify spaces and promote restful sleep.\",\"cultures\":[\"Ancient Egyptian\",\"Ancient Greek\",\"European\",\"Slavic\"]},\"edible\":true,\"toxic\":false,\"sources\":[{\"field\":\"taxonomy\",\"source\":\"gbif\",\"ref\":\"https://www.gbif.org/species/8370958\"},{\"field\":\"scarcity\",\"source\":\"gbif-iucn\"},{\"field\":\"region.countries\",\"source\":\"gbif\"},{\"field\":\"summary\",\"source\":\"wikipedia\",\"ref\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matricaria_chamomilla\"},{\"field\":\"uses,culture\",\"source\":\"qwen3.7-max+wikipedia\"}],\"disclaimer\":\"Edibility, medicinal and foraging information is for reference only and is not medical, dietary or safety advice. Plant misidentification can be dangerous; verify independently before any use.\",\"enrichment\":{\"model\":\"qwen3.7-max\",\"grounded_on\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matricaria_chamomilla\",\"ok\":true,\"at\":1780309022},\"status\":\"expert_verified\",\"verified_count\":1,\"images\":[{\"sha256\":\"d419eee938c87012bdcb58b85235d2c6557f060191ba0751162e5dd2dbac1998\",\"organ\":\"flower\",\"url\":\"https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/d419eee938c87012bdcb58b85235d2c6557f060191ba0751162e5dd2dbac1998.jpg\"},{\"sha256\":\"c648559a4080a9d54e195c27a96977767db43f51b6efafe237c20f1c26de8e6a\",\"organ\":\"flower\",\"url\":\"https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/c648559a4080a9d54e195c27a96977767db43f51b6efafe237c20f1c26de8e6a.jpg\"},{\"sha256\":\"89ab6bf30941cf91dcaa28af269d7b2ba61bc1ef3e27813af130af8c86434d47\",\"organ\":\"habit\",\"url\":\"https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/89ab6bf30941cf91dcaa28af269d7b2ba61bc1ef3e27813af130af8c86434d47.jpg\"}],\"updated_at\":1780309022}", "sig": "b225aed7ee4b719b45e4b3fd65fbc2383e1fe1c693770418518c192b86ff6e9d180806303de75d48a232eef3ab3c2d10cd4500e34df06985e1de3b305d0299d1" }