{ "id": "3e64b7933f900deffb07d53ae91990757fccf7a2efd0a630fc30a7839a201a52", "pubkey": "8bcfbc7a83ac7ccca47f58aa65b75fc6856f9878a9735be5fd96d8b80aa22a31", "created_at": 1780229732, "kind": 32616, "tags": [ [ "d", "tussilago-farfara" ], [ "title", "Tussilago farfara" ], [ "name", "Tussilago farfara" ], [ "rank", "species" ], [ "status", "auto" ], [ "verified_count", "0" ], [ "schema", "belenos-species/2" ], [ "family", "Asteraceae" ], [ "gbif", "3149879" ], [ "iucn", "NE" ], [ "country", "Saint Pierre and Miquelon" ], [ "country", "North America" ], [ "country", "Geitastrand" ], [ "country", "Kviteseid" ], [ "country", "Sømna" ], [ "country", "Nord-Odal" ], [ "country", "Norderhov" ], [ "country", "Solum" ], [ "country", "Stjørdal" ], [ "country", "Sør Land" ], [ "country", "Ullensvang" ], [ "country", "Vinje" ], [ "country", "Øst Gaustdal" ], [ "country", "Eresfjord" ], [ "country", "Tjøme" ], [ "country", "Bærum" ], [ "country", "Eid" ], [ "country", "Harran" ], [ "country", "Hole" ], [ "country", "Holt" ], [ "country", "Nord ODal" ], [ "country", "Ogndal" ], [ "country", "Askim" ], [ "country", "Elverum" ], [ "country", "Herad" ], [ "country", "Leirfrjod" ], [ "country", "Målselv" ], [ "country", "Surnadal" ], [ "country", "Sørreisa" ], [ "country", "Tynset" ], [ "country", "Vesna" ], [ "country", "Rauland" ], [ "country", "Ongdal" ], [ "country", "Norway" ], [ "country", "Iceland; Svalbard; Faeroe Isl.; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. (+Alderney, Guernsey); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia \u0026 Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (mainland widespread, Evvoia, Andros, Thasos); Crete (very rare); S-European Russia (incl. Kaliningrad region, Novaya Zemlya \u0026 Franz Josef Land); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Primorye [I], Sakhalin [I]); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Ikaria, Samos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Paktia / Khost); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Pakistan (Kurram, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Astor, Gilgit, Baltistan); Nepal; N-India (Ladakh, Poonch, Jammu \u0026 Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Maine [I], Maryland [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], North Carolina [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Vermont [I], Virginia [I], Washington [I], West Virginia [I], Wisconsin [I])" ], [ "country", "Afghanistan" ], [ "country", "Albania" ], [ "country", "Algeria" ], [ "country", "Altay" ], [ "country", "Amur" ], [ "common", "Coltsfoot", "en" ], [ "common", "Colt's-Foot", "en" ], [ "common", "Hiäppuškozzârääsi", "en" ], [ "common", "Colts-foot", "en" ], [ "common", "Adi dəvədabanı", "aze" ], [ "common", "Aitaorapihlaja", "fi" ], [ "common", "Alan", "cym" ], [ "common", "Alan Bychan", "cym" ], [ "common", "Almindelig Følfod", "da" ], [ "common", "Almindelig buskpotentil", "da" ], [ "common", "Ankstyvasis šalpusnis", "lit" ], [ "common", "Bjelokopitnjak", "hrv" ], [ "image", "https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/f042489feb3c1fe741900d9dffb0f3ec1d36452ed289f6a7f58d3ef1ed3d405e.jpg", "f042489feb3c1fe741900d9dffb0f3ec1d36452ed289f6a7f58d3ef1ed3d405e", "flower" ], [ "image", "https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/b152351bd93352eb35a4f5281ecb8058bb1896bd55459c9909856f5eaffaa699.jpg", "b152351bd93352eb35a4f5281ecb8058bb1896bd55459c9909856f5eaffaa699", "flower" ], [ "t", "edible" ], [ "t", "toxic" ], [ "t", "medicinal" ], [ "t", "artisanal" ] ], "content": "{\"schema\":\"belenos-species/2\",\"binomial\":\"Tussilago farfara\",\"authorship\":\"L.\",\"rank\":\"species\",\"taxonomy\":{\"kingdom\":\"Plantae\",\"phylum\":\"Tracheophyta\",\"class\":\"Magnoliopsida\",\"order\":\"Asterales\",\"family\":\"Asteraceae\",\"genus\":\"Tussilago\"},\"family\":\"Asteraceae\",\"gbif_taxon_id\":3149879,\"powo_id\":\"256904-1\",\"common_names\":[{\"name\":\"Coltsfoot\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Colt's-Foot\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Hiäppuškozzârääsi\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Colts-foot\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Adi dəvədabanı\",\"lang\":\"aze\"},{\"name\":\"Aitaorapihlaja\",\"lang\":\"fi\"},{\"name\":\"Alan\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Alan Bychan\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Almindelig Følfod\",\"lang\":\"da\"},{\"name\":\"Almindelig buskpotentil\",\"lang\":\"da\"},{\"name\":\"Ankstyvasis šalpusnis\",\"lang\":\"lit\"},{\"name\":\"Bjelokopitnjak\",\"lang\":\"hrv\"},{\"name\":\"British tobacco\",\"lang\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"Brudbröd\",\"lang\":\"sv\"},{\"name\":\"Buskmure\",\"lang\":\"no\"},{\"name\":\"Cabbag ny h-awin\",\"lang\":\"glv\"},{\"name\":\"Carn yr Ebol\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Cluas Liath\",\"lang\":\"gla\"},{\"name\":\"Colt's-foot (EN)\",\"lang\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"Dail Baco\",\"lang\":\"cym\"}],\"region\":{\"countries\":[\"Saint Pierre and Miquelon\",\"North America\",\"Geitastrand\",\"Kviteseid\",\"Sømna\",\"Nord-Odal\",\"Norderhov\",\"Solum\",\"Stjørdal\",\"Sør Land\",\"Ullensvang\",\"Vinje\",\"Øst Gaustdal\",\"Eresfjord\",\"Tjøme\",\"Bærum\",\"Eid\",\"Harran\",\"Hole\",\"Holt\",\"Nord ODal\",\"Ogndal\",\"Askim\",\"Elverum\",\"Herad\",\"Leirfrjod\",\"Målselv\",\"Surnadal\",\"Sørreisa\",\"Tynset\",\"Vesna\",\"Rauland\",\"Ongdal\",\"Norway\",\"Iceland; Svalbard; Faeroe Isl.; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. (+Alderney, Guernsey); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia \u0026 Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (mainland widespread, Evvoia, Andros, Thasos); Crete (very rare); S-European Russia (incl. Kaliningrad region, Novaya Zemlya \u0026 Franz Josef Land); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Siberia (Altay, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Primorye [I], Sakhalin [I]); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Ikaria, Samos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Paktia / Khost); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Pakistan (Kurram, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Astor, Gilgit, Baltistan); Nepal; N-India (Ladakh, Poonch, Jammu \u0026 Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Maine [I], Maryland [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], North Carolina [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Vermont [I], Virginia [I], Washington [I], West Virginia [I], Wisconsin [I])\",\"Afghanistan\",\"Albania\",\"Algeria\",\"Altay\",\"Amur\",\"Austria\",\"Baltic States\",\"Belarus\",\"Belgium\",\"British Columbia\",\"Bulgaria\",\"Buryatiya\",\"Central European Russia\",\"China North-Central\",\"China South-Central\",\"China Southeast\",\"Connecticut\",\"Corse\",\"Cyprus\",\"Czechia-Slovakia\",\"Delaware\",\"Denmark\",\"District of Columbia\",\"East Aegean Is.\",\"East European Russia\",\"East Himalaya\",\"Egypt\",\"Finland\",\"France\",\"Føroyar\",\"Georgia\",\"Germany\",\"Great Britain\",\"Greece\",\"Hainan\",\"Hungary\",\"Iceland\",\"Illinois\",\"Indiana\",\"India\",\"Inner Mongolia\",\"Iran\",\"Ireland\",\"Irkutsk\",\"Italy\",\"Kamchatka\",\"Kazakhstan\",\"Kentucky\",\"Khabarovsk\",\"Kirgizstan\",\"Krasnoyarsk\",\"Kriti\",\"Krym\",\"Labrador\",\"Lebanon-Syria\",\"Libya\",\"Magadan\",\"Maine\",\"Manchuria\",\"Maryland\",\"Massachusetts\",\"Michigan\",\"Minnesota\",\"Morocco\",\"NW. Balkan Pen.\",\"Nepal\",\"Netherlands\",\"New Brunswick\",\"New Hampshire\",\"New Jersey\",\"New York\",\"New Zealand North\",\"New Zealand South\",\"Newfoundland\",\"North Carolina\",\"North Caucasus\",\"North Dakota\",\"North European Russia\",\"Northwest European Russia\",\"Nova Scotia\",\"Ohio\",\"Ontario\",\"Pakistan\",\"Pennsylvania\",\"Poland\",\"Portugal\",\"Primorye\",\"Prince Edward I.\",\"Qinghai\",\"Québec\",\"Rhode I.\",\"Romania\",\"Sakhalin\",\"Sardegna\",\"Sicilia\",\"South European Russia\",\"Spain\",\"Sweden\",\"Switzerland\",\"Tadzhikistan\",\"Tennessee\",\"Tibet\",\"Transcaucasus\",\"Tunisia\",\"Turkmenistan\",\"Türkiye-in-Europe\",\"Türkiye\",\"Ukraine\",\"Uzbekistan\",\"Vermont\",\"Virginia\",\"Washington\",\"West Himalaya\",\"West Siberia\",\"West Virginia\",\"Western Sahara\",\"Wisconsin\",\"Xinjiang\",\"Yakutiya\",\"Africa\",\"Asia-Temperate\",\"Europe\",\"China\",\"New Zealand\",\"Czechoslovakia\",\"Yugoslavia\",\"Liechtenstein\",\"Luxembourg\",\"Estonia\",\"Latvia\",\"Lithuania\"],\"summary\":\"It is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of western and central Asia. The plant has also been widely introduced to North and South America, where it commonly colonizes disturbed soils, waste places, and roadsides.\"},\"scarcity\":{\"iucn_code\":\"NE\",\"iucn_category\":\"NOT_EVALUATED\",\"source\":\"gbif-iucn\"},\"summary\":\"Tussilago farfara, commonly known as coltsfoot, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the daisy family that spreads by seeds and rhizomes. It is notable for producing bright yellow, dandelion-like flowers in early spring before its distinctively shaped leaves emerge.\",\"uses\":{\"beneficial\":\"The plant provides an important early spring source of pollen and nectar for honeybees. It also serves as a larval food plant for several Lepidoptera species, including the Gothic and small angle shades.\",\"medicinal\":\"In traditional European and Austrian folk medicine, the leaves were used internally as a tea or syrup to treat coughs, colds, and respiratory tract disorders. They were also applied externally to address skin conditions, rheumatism, and gout.\",\"artisanal\":\"Extracts of the fresh leaves have been traditionally used in the artisanal production of confectionery, including hard candies, cough drops, and the traditional sweet known as Coltsfoot Rock.\"},\"culture\":{\"mythology\":\"The common name 'coltsfoot' stems from the folk observation that the leaf's shape resembles a foal's hoof, an association preserved in the medieval Latin name 'pes pulli'. Its historical names across various cultures, such as the Latin 'tussilago' and Greek 'bechion', symbolically tie the plant's identity directly to its traditional use in treating coughs.\",\"cultures\":[\"European\",\"Austrian\",\"Ancient Greek\"]},\"edible\":true,\"toxic\":true,\"sources\":[{\"field\":\"taxonomy\",\"source\":\"gbif\",\"ref\":\"https://www.gbif.org/species/3149879\"},{\"field\":\"scarcity\",\"source\":\"gbif-iucn\"},{\"field\":\"region.countries\",\"source\":\"gbif\"},{\"field\":\"summary\",\"source\":\"wikipedia\",\"ref\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussilago\"},{\"field\":\"uses,culture\",\"source\":\"qwen3.7-max+wikipedia\"}],\"disclaimer\":\"Edibility, medicinal and foraging information is for reference only and is not medical, dietary or safety advice. Plant misidentification can be dangerous; verify independently before any use.\",\"enrichment\":{\"model\":\"qwen3.7-max\",\"grounded_on\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussilago\",\"ok\":true,\"at\":1780229732},\"status\":\"auto\",\"verified_count\":0,\"images\":[{\"sha256\":\"f042489feb3c1fe741900d9dffb0f3ec1d36452ed289f6a7f58d3ef1ed3d405e\",\"organ\":\"flower\",\"url\":\"https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/f042489feb3c1fe741900d9dffb0f3ec1d36452ed289f6a7f58d3ef1ed3d405e.jpg\"},{\"sha256\":\"b152351bd93352eb35a4f5281ecb8058bb1896bd55459c9909856f5eaffaa699\",\"organ\":\"flower\",\"url\":\"https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/b152351bd93352eb35a4f5281ecb8058bb1896bd55459c9909856f5eaffaa699.jpg\"}],\"updated_at\":1780229732}", "sig": "7f12bcfc5db3c8533ef951e00bbbb8829e643f91dbc71e2cf76804a907c2d8c3d7a8781e99a9c72383ff8aa38762b70c6dfdb065022aeb57de1d7accc62b3860" }