{ "id": "4de87dd4d062820870a9b208af5db72a4bd4d9cb7ab83f6539337b65b5ff9c3f", "pubkey": "8bcfbc7a83ac7ccca47f58aa65b75fc6856f9878a9735be5fd96d8b80aa22a31", "created_at": 1780772119, "kind": 32616, "tags": [ [ "d", "carduus-nutans" ], [ "title", "Carduus nutans" ], [ "name", "Carduus nutans" ], [ "rank", "species" ], [ "status", "expert_verified" ], [ "verified_count", "1" ], [ "schema", "belenos-species/2" ], [ "family", "Asteraceae" ], [ "gbif", "8185959" ], [ "iucn", "NE" ], [ "country", "North America" ], [ "country", "Afghanistan" ], [ "country", "Alabama" ], [ "country", "Albania" ], [ "country", "Alberta" ], [ "country", "Altay" ], [ "country", "Arizona" ], [ "country", "Arkansas" ], [ "country", "Austria" ], [ "country", "Baltic States" ], [ "country", "Belarus" ], [ "country", "Belgium" ], [ "country", "Bolivia" ], [ "country", "British Columbia" ], [ "country", "Bulgaria" ], [ "country", "Buryatiya" ], [ "country", "California" ], [ "country", "Central European Russia" ], [ "country", "Chita" ], [ "country", "Colorado" ], [ "country", "Czechia-Slovakia" ], [ "country", "Denmark" ], [ "country", "District of Columbia" ], [ "country", "East Aegean Is." ], [ "country", "East European Russia" ], [ "country", "France" ], [ "country", "Georgia" ], [ "country", "Germany" ], [ "country", "Great Britain" ], [ "country", "Greece" ], [ "country", "Hungary" ], [ "country", "Idaho" ], [ "country", "Illinois" ], [ "country", "Indiana" ], [ "country", "Iowa" ], [ "country", "Iran" ], [ "country", "Ireland" ], [ "country", "Irkutsk" ], [ "country", "Italy" ], [ "country", "Kansas" ], [ "common", "Musk thistle", "en" ], [ "common", "Nodding thistle", "en" ], [ "common", "Nodding Plumeless-Thistle", "en" ], [ "common", "Chardon Penche", "en" ], [ "common", "Chardon Penche, Musk Thistle", "en" ], [ "common", "Nodding Plumeless Thistle", "en" ], [ "common", "Plumeless Thistle", "en" ], [ "common", "Bastard Scotch Thistle", "en" ], [ "common", "Artengruppe Nickende Distel", "de" ], [ "common", "Cardo rosso", "it" ], [ "common", "Chardon penche", "fr" ], [ "common", "Chardon penché", "fr" ], [ "image", "https://i.nostr.build/U7WT4aJvlvQnSEp2.jpg", "3fa7bbda5a074c19c543f519dbd48875c804ae16e5f0039069cb03d3d2d9dba2", "flower" ], [ "t", "medicinal" ] ], "content": "{\"schema\":\"belenos-species/2\",\"binomial\":\"Carduus nutans\",\"authorship\":\"L.\",\"rank\":\"species\",\"taxonomy\":{\"kingdom\":\"Plantae\",\"phylum\":\"Tracheophyta\",\"class\":\"Magnoliopsida\",\"order\":\"Asterales\",\"family\":\"Asteraceae\",\"genus\":\"Carduus\"},\"family\":\"Asteraceae\",\"gbif_taxon_id\":8185959,\"powo_id\":null,\"common_names\":[{\"name\":\"Musk thistle\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Nodding thistle\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Nodding Plumeless-Thistle\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Chardon Penche\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Chardon Penche, Musk Thistle\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Nodding Plumeless Thistle\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Plumeless Thistle\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Bastard Scotch Thistle\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Artengruppe Nickende Distel\",\"lang\":\"de\"},{\"name\":\"Cardo rosso\",\"lang\":\"it\"},{\"name\":\"Chardon penche\",\"lang\":\"fr\"},{\"name\":\"Chardon penché\",\"lang\":\"fr\"},{\"name\":\"Knikkende distel\",\"lang\":\"nl\"},{\"name\":\"Nickende Distel\",\"lang\":\"de\"},{\"name\":\"Nikkende tidsel\",\"lang\":\"da\"},{\"name\":\"Ysgall Pendrwm\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Ysgall Pengrwn\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Ysgallen Bendrom\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Ysgallen Ogwydd\",\"lang\":\"cym\"},{\"name\":\"Ysgallen Pendrymus\",\"lang\":\"cym\"}],\"region\":{\"countries\":[\"North America\",\"Afghanistan\",\"Alabama\",\"Albania\",\"Alberta\",\"Altay\",\"Arizona\",\"Arkansas\",\"Austria\",\"Baltic States\",\"Belarus\",\"Belgium\",\"Bolivia\",\"British Columbia\",\"Bulgaria\",\"Buryatiya\",\"California\",\"Central European Russia\",\"Chita\",\"Colorado\",\"Czechia-Slovakia\",\"Denmark\",\"District of Columbia\",\"East Aegean Is.\",\"East European Russia\",\"France\",\"Georgia\",\"Germany\",\"Great Britain\",\"Greece\",\"Hungary\",\"Idaho\",\"Illinois\",\"Indiana\",\"Iowa\",\"Iran\",\"Ireland\",\"Irkutsk\",\"Italy\",\"Kansas\",\"Kazakhstan\",\"Kentucky\",\"Kirgizstan\",\"Korea\",\"Krasnoyarsk\",\"Krym\",\"Lebanon-Syria\",\"Louisiana\",\"Manitoba\",\"Maryland\",\"Minnesota\",\"Mississippi\",\"Missouri\",\"Mongolia\",\"Montana\",\"Nebraska\",\"Netherlands\",\"Nevada\",\"New Brunswick\",\"Newfoundland\",\"New Jersey\",\"New Mexico\",\"New South Wales\",\"New York\",\"North Carolina\",\"North Dakota\",\"North European Russia\",\"Northwest European Russia\",\"Norway\",\"Nova Scotia\",\"NW. Balkan Pen.\",\"Ohio\",\"Oklahoma\",\"Ontario\",\"Oregon\",\"Pennsylvania\",\"Poland\",\"Portugal\",\"Primorye\",\"Québec\",\"Queensland\",\"Romania\",\"Saskatchewan\",\"Sicilia\",\"South Australia\",\"South Carolina\",\"South Dakota\",\"South European Russia\",\"Spain\",\"Sweden\",\"Switzerland\",\"Tadzhikistan\",\"Tasmania\",\"Tennessee\",\"Texas\",\"Transcaucasus\",\"Türkiye\",\"Türkiye-in-Europe\",\"Tuva\",\"Ukraine\",\"Uruguay\",\"Utah\",\"Uzbekistan\",\"Victoria\",\"Virginia\",\"Washington\",\"Western Australia\",\"West Siberia\",\"West Virginia\",\"Wisconsin\",\"Wyoming\",\"Xinjiang\",\"Yakutiya\",\"Asia-Temperate\",\"New Zealand North\",\"Valparaíso\",\"Africa\",\"Morocco\",\"Algeria\",\"Santiago\",\"Lebanon\",\"Michigan\",\"Armenia\",\"La Araucania\",\"Southern South America\",\"Czechoslovakia\",\"Czech Republic\",\"Syria\",\"Moldova\",\"Macedonia\",\"Slovenia\",\"Nakhichevan\",\"Croatia\",\"Serbia\",\"Gruziya\",\"Yugoslavia\",\"Luxembourg\",\"Delaware\",\"New Hampshire\",\"Rhode I.\",\"North Caucasus\",\"Europe\",\"Siberia\",\"Liechtenstein\",\"Egypt\",\"Northern Ireland\",\"Iraq\",\"Libya\"],\"summary\":\"It is native to Europe, Western Siberia, Central Asia, and North Africa, where it grows in meadows and pastures. The species has become highly invasive in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa, thriving in disturbed soils, roadsides, and heavily grazed lands.\"},\"scarcity\":{\"iucn_code\":\"NE\",\"iucn_category\":\"NOT_EVALUATED\",\"source\":\"gbif-iucn\"},\"summary\":\"Carduus nutans, commonly known as musk thistle or nodding thistle, is a biennial herb in the daisy family characterized by its large, drooping purple flower heads. It is a highly prolific seed producer that is widely considered a noxious and invasive weed in many regions outside its native range.\",\"uses\":{\"beneficial\":\"While primarily regarded as a noxious weed that reduces forage for livestock, its showy flowers provide nectar for various pollinators, including bees and butterflies.\",\"medicinal\":\"In traditional Turkish folk medicine, decoctions of the flowering branches have been used to treat prostate conditions. It has also been historically used in herbal remedies for liver disease, malaria, constipation, and kidney stones.\",\"artisanal\":null},\"culture\":{\"mythology\":null,\"cultures\":[\"Turkish\"]},\"edible\":false,\"toxic\":false,\"sources\":[{\"field\":\"taxonomy\",\"source\":\"gbif\",\"ref\":\"https://www.gbif.org/species/8185959\"},{\"field\":\"scarcity\",\"source\":\"gbif-iucn\"},{\"field\":\"region.countries\",\"source\":\"gbif\"},{\"field\":\"summary\",\"source\":\"wikipedia\",\"ref\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carduus_nutans\"},{\"field\":\"uses,culture\",\"source\":\"qwen3.7-max+wikipedia\"}],\"disclaimer\":\"Edibility, medicinal and foraging information is for reference only and is not medical, dietary or safety advice. Plant misidentification can be dangerous; verify independently before any use.\",\"enrichment\":{\"model\":\"qwen3.7-max\",\"grounded_on\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carduus_nutans\",\"ok\":true,\"at\":1780772119},\"status\":\"expert_verified\",\"verified_count\":1,\"images\":[{\"sha256\":\"3fa7bbda5a074c19c543f519dbd48875c804ae16e5f0039069cb03d3d2d9dba2\",\"organ\":\"flower\",\"url\":\"https://i.nostr.build/U7WT4aJvlvQnSEp2.jpg\"}],\"updated_at\":1780772119}", "sig": "7372df79f6a1816a0857a5b619461525c7ae221d67d51639666887c802b78b710ba973a5ebed68e1c6f871175fa3a3e99d43eb415eed64d5c707f2c34f629e99" }