{ "id": "c7b12cfd2ada3f63b7648cb74788f614e917051c3e2ee8799ea6554c2408a51f", "pubkey": "8bcfbc7a83ac7ccca47f58aa65b75fc6856f9878a9735be5fd96d8b80aa22a31", "created_at": 1780778685, "kind": 32616, "tags": [ [ "d", "terminalia-catappa" ], [ "title", "Terminalia catappa" ], [ "name", "Terminalia catappa" ], [ "rank", "species" ], [ "status", "auto" ], [ "verified_count", "0" ], [ "schema", "belenos-species/2" ], [ "family", "Combretaceae" ], [ "gbif", "3189394" ], [ "iucn", "LC" ], [ "country", "Amazonia colombiana: sur del departamento del Vichada; el suroriente del Meta; todo el territorio de los departamentos de Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare, Putumayo y Vaupés; la Bota Caucana; y las vertientes amazónicas de Nariño (la parte alta de los ríos Guamuez, Sucio, San Miguel y Aguarico)" ], [ "country", "Galápagos Islands" ], [ "country", "Guadeloupe" ], [ "country", "Martinique" ], [ "country", "Caribbean" ], [ "country", "North America" ], [ "country", "Oceania" ], [ "country", "Armenia | Montería | Leticia | Manizales" ], [ "country", "Departamento del Tolima, municipio de Ambalema, vereda Gamba San Martín, humedal Ambalemita" ], [ "country", "Bucaramanga | Cimitarra | Girón | Lebrija" ], [ "country", "Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado (DRMI) Laguna de Sonso, municipio de Guadalajara de Buga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia" ], [ "country", "Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona | Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona" ], [ "country", "Piojó" ], [ "country", "Complejo Humedales Hato Corozal. Cienaga Zapatosa" ], [ "country", "Cape Verde Isl. (Sao Vicente Isl., Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Sao Tiago); Gambia [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; Principe Isl. [I]; São Tomé [I]; Annobon Isl. [I]; Gabon [I]; Chad [I]; Somalia [I]; Mozambique [I]; Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.); Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] (Île Europa, Juan de Nova Isl.); Mauritius; La Réunion; Rodrigues; Îles Glorieuses; Agalega Isl.; Aldabra (Aldabra Isl., Asuncio Isl., Cosmoledo Isl., Astove Isl., Farquhar Isl.); Seychelles (incl. Remire Isl., Desroches Isl., Coetivy Isl.); Chagos Arch. (Diego Garcia); Yemen (SW-Yemen, Aden Desert, SE-Yemen: coastal Hadhramaut); China (Guangdong, Hainan, SE-Yunnan); Ogasawara Isl. (Keetaajima, Nakohdojima, Chichijima, Anijima, Otohtojima, Hahajima); Volcano Isl. (Kita-Iwojima, Iwojima); Taiwan; Pakistan [I]; Nepal [c]; India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl., Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl., Barren Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (all coasts); Sumatra; South China Sea Isl.; Borneo; Brunei; Sulawesi; Philippines (throughout); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; Cocos [Keeling] Isl.; Christmas Isl. [Austr.]; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, coastal Queensland, Torres Strait Isl.); New Caledonia [I]; Vanuatu; Rotuma Isl.; Tonga (Late Isl., Tongatapu, 'Eua, Lifuka, Tafahi, Niuatoputapu); Niue; Fiji; Wallis \u0026 Futuna (Alofi Isl., Futuna Isl., 'Uvea Isl. and islets [Wallis]); American Samoa (Tutuila, Aunu'u, Ofu, Olosega, Ta'u); [Western] Samoa (Aleipata Islands, 'Upolu, Savai'i); Phoenix Isl. (Kanton); Gilbert Isl. (Tarawa, Nonouti); Banaba [Ocean] Isl.; Nauru; N-Line Isl. (Palmyra Atoll, Teraina, Tabueran, Kiritimati); Cook Isl. (Rarotonga); Marquesas Isl. (Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Ua Pou, Hiva Oa, Mohotan, Fatu Hiva); Society Isl. (Mopelia Atoll, Tahiti, Raiatea, Tetiaroa Atoll); Tuamotu Arch. (Anaa, Rangiroa, Makatea Isl., Takapoto Atoll, etc.); Pitcairn Isl.; Palau (Babeldaob, Koror, Ngarakabesang, Urukthapel, Ngeanges, Angaur, Sonsorol, Tobi); Northern Marianas (Maug, Asuncion, Agrihan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Sarigan, Anatahan, Farallon de Medinilla, Saipan, Tinian, Rota); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Ulithi, Fais, Eauripik, Woleai, Ifalik, Nomwin, Truk, Moen, Dublon, Tol, Piis, Namoluk, Lukunor, Satawan, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi, Ant, Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kosrae); Marshall Isl. (Kwajalein, Likiep, Arno, Jaluit); Wake Isl.; Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]), USA [I] (Florida [I]); Mexico [I]; Belize [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Isla del Coco [I]; Panama [I]; Bahamas [I]; Turks \u0026 Caicos Isl. [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I]; Anguilla [I]; St. Martin/St. Maarten [I]; St. Barthélémy [I]; Saba [I]; St. Eustatius [I]; Antigua [I]; Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Dominica [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Lucia; St. Vincent [I]; Grenada [I]; Barbados [I]; Tobago [I]; Trinidad [I]; San Andres y Providencia [I] (San Andres [I]); Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Surinam [I]; French Guiana [I]; Ecuador [I]; Galapagos [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; N-Brazil [I] (Pará [I], Amazonas [I], Acre [I]); NE-Brazil [I] (Bahia [I]); WC-Brazil [I] (Mato Grosso do Sul [I]); SE-Brazil [I] (Minas Gerais [I], São Paulo [I]); S-Brazil [I] (Paraná [I])" ], [ "country", "Andaman Is." ], [ "country", "Assam" ], [ "country", "Bahamas" ], [ "country", "Bangladesh" ], [ "country", "Belize" ], [ "country", "Benin" ], [ "country", "Bismarck Archipelago" ], [ "country", "Bolivia" ], [ "country", "Borneo" ], [ "country", "Brazil North" ], [ "country", "Brazil Northeast" ], [ "country", "Brazil South" ], [ "country", "Brazil Southeast" ], [ "country", "Brazil West-Central" ], [ "country", "Cambodia" ], [ "country", "Cameroon" ], [ "country", "Cape Verde" ], [ "country", "Caroline Is." ], [ "country", "Cayman Is." ], [ "country", "Central American Pacific Is." ], [ "country", "Chad" ], [ "country", "Chagos Archipelago" ], [ "country", "China Southeast" ], [ "country", "Christmas I." ], [ "country", "Cocos (Keeling) Is." ], [ "common", "Tropical almond", "en" ], [ "common", "Indian-almond", "en" ], [ "common", "Beach Almond", "en" ], [ "common", "Alman Tree", "en" ], [ "common", "Almond", "en" ], [ "common", "Almond Tree", "en" ], [ "common", "Country Almond", "en" ], [ "common", "India Almond", "en" ], [ "common", "Indian Almond", "en" ], [ "common", "Jungli Badam", "en" ], [ "common", "Malabar-almond", "en" ], [ "common", "Sea Almond", "en" ], [ "image", "https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/60d3ea69aff2e6296724a2c137e6ae79b67f4ff049e37fbf6df6ad821cec4a51.jpg", "60d3ea69aff2e6296724a2c137e6ae79b67f4ff049e37fbf6df6ad821cec4a51", "leaf" ], [ "t", "edible" ], [ "t", "medicinal" ], [ "t", "artisanal" ] ], "content": "{\"schema\":\"belenos-species/2\",\"binomial\":\"Terminalia catappa\",\"authorship\":\"L.\",\"rank\":\"species\",\"taxonomy\":{\"kingdom\":\"Plantae\",\"phylum\":\"Tracheophyta\",\"class\":\"Magnoliopsida\",\"order\":\"Myrtales\",\"family\":\"Combretaceae\",\"genus\":\"Terminalia\"},\"family\":\"Combretaceae\",\"gbif_taxon_id\":3189394,\"powo_id\":\"171034-1\",\"common_names\":[{\"name\":\"Tropical almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Indian-almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Beach Almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Alman Tree\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Almond Tree\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Country Almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"India Almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Indian Almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Jungli Badam\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Malabar-almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Sea Almond\",\"lang\":\"en\"},{\"name\":\"Abrofo nkateɛ\",\"lang\":\"aka\"},{\"name\":\"Almendra (ES); West Indian almond\",\"lang\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"Almendro\",\"lang\":\"es\"},{\"name\":\"Almendro de playa\",\"lang\":\"es\"},{\"name\":\"Almendro malabar\",\"lang\":\"es\"},{\"name\":\"Almendron\",\"lang\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"Amandier pays\",\"lang\":\"fr\"},{\"name\":\"Ametller índic\",\"lang\":\"cat\"}],\"region\":{\"countries\":[\"Amazonia colombiana: sur del departamento del Vichada; el suroriente del Meta; todo el territorio de los departamentos de Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare, Putumayo y Vaupés; la Bota Caucana; y las vertientes amazónicas de Nariño (la parte alta de los ríos Guamuez, Sucio, San Miguel y Aguarico)\",\"Galápagos Islands\",\"Guadeloupe\",\"Martinique\",\"Caribbean\",\"North America\",\"Oceania\",\"Armenia | Montería | Leticia | Manizales\",\"Departamento del Tolima, municipio de Ambalema, vereda Gamba San Martín, humedal Ambalemita\",\"Bucaramanga | Cimitarra | Girón | Lebrija\",\"Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado (DRMI) Laguna de Sonso, municipio de Guadalajara de Buga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia\",\"Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona | Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona\",\"Piojó\",\"Complejo Humedales Hato Corozal. Cienaga Zapatosa\",\"Cape Verde Isl. (Sao Vicente Isl., Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Sao Tiago); Gambia [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; Principe Isl. [I]; São Tomé [I]; Annobon Isl. [I]; Gabon [I]; Chad [I]; Somalia [I]; Mozambique [I]; Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.); Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] (Île Europa, Juan de Nova Isl.); Mauritius; La Réunion; Rodrigues; Îles Glorieuses; Agalega Isl.; Aldabra (Aldabra Isl., Asuncio Isl., Cosmoledo Isl., Astove Isl., Farquhar Isl.); Seychelles (incl. Remire Isl., Desroches Isl., Coetivy Isl.); Chagos Arch. (Diego Garcia); Yemen (SW-Yemen, Aden Desert, SE-Yemen: coastal Hadhramaut); China (Guangdong, Hainan, SE-Yunnan); Ogasawara Isl. (Keetaajima, Nakohdojima, Chichijima, Anijima, Otohtojima, Hahajima); Volcano Isl. (Kita-Iwojima, Iwojima); Taiwan; Pakistan [I]; Nepal [c]; India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl., Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl., Barren Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (all coasts); Sumatra; South China Sea Isl.; Borneo; Brunei; Sulawesi; Philippines (throughout); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; Cocos [Keeling] Isl.; Christmas Isl. [Austr.]; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, coastal Queensland, Torres Strait Isl.); New Caledonia [I]; Vanuatu; Rotuma Isl.; Tonga (Late Isl., Tongatapu, 'Eua, Lifuka, Tafahi, Niuatoputapu); Niue; Fiji; Wallis \u0026 Futuna (Alofi Isl., Futuna Isl., 'Uvea Isl. and islets [Wallis]); American Samoa (Tutuila, Aunu'u, Ofu, Olosega, Ta'u); [Western] Samoa (Aleipata Islands, 'Upolu, Savai'i); Phoenix Isl. (Kanton); Gilbert Isl. (Tarawa, Nonouti); Banaba [Ocean] Isl.; Nauru; N-Line Isl. (Palmyra Atoll, Teraina, Tabueran, Kiritimati); Cook Isl. (Rarotonga); Marquesas Isl. (Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Ua Pou, Hiva Oa, Mohotan, Fatu Hiva); Society Isl. (Mopelia Atoll, Tahiti, Raiatea, Tetiaroa Atoll); Tuamotu Arch. (Anaa, Rangiroa, Makatea Isl., Takapoto Atoll, etc.); Pitcairn Isl.; Palau (Babeldaob, Koror, Ngarakabesang, Urukthapel, Ngeanges, Angaur, Sonsorol, Tobi); Northern Marianas (Maug, Asuncion, Agrihan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Sarigan, Anatahan, Farallon de Medinilla, Saipan, Tinian, Rota); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Ulithi, Fais, Eauripik, Woleai, Ifalik, Nomwin, Truk, Moen, Dublon, Tol, Piis, Namoluk, Lukunor, Satawan, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi, Ant, Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kosrae); Marshall Isl. (Kwajalein, Likiep, Arno, Jaluit); Wake Isl.; Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]), USA [I] (Florida [I]); Mexico [I]; Belize [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Isla del Coco [I]; Panama [I]; Bahamas [I]; Turks \u0026 Caicos Isl. [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I]; Anguilla [I]; St. Martin/St. Maarten [I]; St. Barthélémy [I]; Saba [I]; St. Eustatius [I]; Antigua [I]; Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Dominica [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Lucia; St. Vincent [I]; Grenada [I]; Barbados [I]; Tobago [I]; Trinidad [I]; San Andres y Providencia [I] (San Andres [I]); Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Surinam [I]; French Guiana [I]; Ecuador [I]; Galapagos [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; N-Brazil [I] (Pará [I], Amazonas [I], Acre [I]); NE-Brazil [I] (Bahia [I]); WC-Brazil [I] (Mato Grosso do Sul [I]); SE-Brazil [I] (Minas Gerais [I], São Paulo [I]); S-Brazil [I] (Paraná [I])\",\"Andaman Is.\",\"Assam\",\"Bahamas\",\"Bangladesh\",\"Belize\",\"Benin\",\"Bismarck Archipelago\",\"Bolivia\",\"Borneo\",\"Brazil North\",\"Brazil Northeast\",\"Brazil South\",\"Brazil Southeast\",\"Brazil West-Central\",\"Cambodia\",\"Cameroon\",\"Cape Verde\",\"Caroline Is.\",\"Cayman Is.\",\"Central American Pacific Is.\",\"Chad\",\"Chagos Archipelago\",\"China Southeast\",\"Christmas I.\",\"Cocos (Keeling) Is.\",\"Comoros\",\"Cook Is.\",\"Costa Rica\",\"Cuba\",\"Dominican Republic\",\"DR Congo\",\"East Himalaya\",\"Ecuador\",\"El Salvador\",\"Fiji\",\"Florida\",\"French Guiana\",\"Gabon\",\"Gambia\",\"Ghana\",\"Gilbert Is.\",\"Guatemala\",\"Guinea\",\"Guinea-Bissau\",\"Gulf of Guinea Is.\",\"Hainan\",\"Haiti\",\"Hawaii\",\"India\",\"Jamaica\",\"Jawa\",\"Kazan-retto\",\"Laccadive Is.\",\"Leeward Is.\",\"Lesser Sunda Is.\",\"Liberia\",\"Line Is.\",\"Madagascar\",\"Malaya\",\"Maldives\",\"Maluku\",\"Marianas\",\"Marquesas\",\"Marshall Is.\",\"Mauritius\",\"Mexico Southwest\",\"Mozambique\",\"Mozambique Channel Is.\",\"Myanmar\",\"Nansei-shoto\",\"Nauru\",\"Nepal\",\"Netherlands Antilles\",\"New Caledonia\",\"New Guinea\",\"Nicobar Is.\",\"Nigeria\",\"Niue\",\"Northern Territory\",\"Ogasawara-shoto\",\"Pakistan\",\"Peru\",\"Philippines\",\"Pitcairn Is.\",\"Puerto Rico\",\"Queensland\",\"Réunion\",\"Samoa\",\"Senegal\",\"Seychelles\",\"Sierra Leone\",\"Society Is.\",\"Solomon Is.\",\"Somalia\",\"South China Sea\",\"Southwest Caribbean\",\"Sri Lanka\",\"Sulawesi\",\"Sumatera\",\"Taiwan\",\"Thailand\",\"Tonga\",\"Trinidad-Tobago\",\"Tuamotu\",\"Vanuatu\",\"Venezuela\",\"Venezuelan Antilles\",\"Vietnam\",\"Wake I.\",\"Wallis-Futuna Is.\",\"Windward Is.\",\"Global\",\"AG\",\"AI\",\"AW\",\"BB\",\"BF\",\"BI\",\"BL\",\"BR\",\"BS\",\"BW\",\"CD\",\"CO\",\"CU\",\"CW\",\"DJ\",\"DO\",\"EC\"],\"summary\":\"Its exact native range is uncertain due to ancient human dispersal, but it is widely naturalized across tropical Asia, Australia, the Pacific, Madagascar, and the Seychelles. It has also been introduced to parts of Africa and the Americas.\"},\"scarcity\":{\"iucn_code\":\"LC\",\"iucn_category\":\"LEAST_CONCERN\",\"source\":\"gbif-iucn\"},\"summary\":\"Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree known for its distinctively tiered branches and large, leathery leaves that turn vibrant red or yellow before falling. It produces a corky, water-dispersed drupe containing a single edible, almond-like seed.\",\"uses\":{\"beneficial\":\"It is widely cultivated as an ornamental shade tree in tropical regions, and its fallen leaves are highly valued in the aquarium hobby to condition water and protect fish. The seeds are consumed raw or cooked as a food source.\",\"medicinal\":\"In traditional folk medicine, preparations made from the fallen leaves and bark are used to treat ailments such as liver diseases, dysentery, and diarrhea.\",\"artisanal\":\"The wood is red, solid, and highly water-resistant, and has been traditionally used by Polynesian peoples for crafting canoes.\"},\"culture\":{\"mythology\":null,\"cultures\":[\"Polynesian\",\"Surinamese\",\"Taiwanese\"]},\"edible\":true,\"toxic\":false,\"sources\":[{\"field\":\"taxonomy\",\"source\":\"gbif\",\"ref\":\"https://www.gbif.org/species/3189394\"},{\"field\":\"scarcity\",\"source\":\"gbif-iucn\"},{\"field\":\"region.countries\",\"source\":\"gbif\"},{\"field\":\"summary\",\"source\":\"wikipedia\",\"ref\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_catappa\"},{\"field\":\"uses,culture\",\"source\":\"qwen3.7-max+wikipedia\"}],\"disclaimer\":\"Edibility, medicinal and foraging information is for reference only and is not medical, dietary or safety advice. Plant misidentification can be dangerous; verify independently before any use.\",\"enrichment\":{\"model\":\"qwen3.7-max\",\"grounded_on\":\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_catappa\",\"ok\":true,\"at\":1780778685},\"status\":\"auto\",\"verified_count\":0,\"images\":[{\"sha256\":\"60d3ea69aff2e6296724a2c137e6ae79b67f4ff049e37fbf6df6ad821cec4a51\",\"organ\":\"leaf\",\"url\":\"https://npub1ttcpd7tytpzd9k8mhyhc4hwjmhuw3hmdv7e4zzfyfu4y5lr02h4qslt0ym.blossom.band/60d3ea69aff2e6296724a2c137e6ae79b67f4ff049e37fbf6df6ad821cec4a51.jpg\"}],\"updated_at\":1780778685}", "sig": "df1b27998cc18c2dbe21a5f724f9a14b254d67b29fc78f9a154fa3c85d4d89530b4e9a65ebc9e4d571f86b91fca1fc4a6b7f4bf6dca7e857c9b7adf94997de9b" }