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2026-11-02 03:55:37 GMT

Counting Without Looping
Difficulty: ★ ★ ★ ☆
One of the first lessons taught for any budding programmer is to to output sequential values, say one through ten. I use this example in my books to demonstrate how loops work. You can use for, while, and even goto to make the magic happen in the C language. But can you code such a program without using any looping keywords?
Obviously, if you’re going to write a program that counts from one to ten, a loop is the tool you use. In fact, loops are one of the common, simple parts of any programming language. So this challenge is about thinking beyond the tools you normally use. And, yes, this challenge is solvable.
Your task is to write a program that loops n times without using any C language looping statements: for, while, or goto.
It is not a valid solution to just stack up a bunch of printf() (or similar) statements. The code must somehow repeat on its own to generate the sequential output.
It’s also not valid to insert assembly language code or to call an external program that does the job. No, the code must be self-contained and all C.
Here is output from my solution:
Loop count = 12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
The program prompts for input with Loop count =. The user types in a positive, non-zero value. The program generates sequential output from one up to and including the integer value input.
Please try this exercise on your own before you check out my solution, which I’ll post in a week.
https://c-for-dummies.com/blog/?p=7844
#looping
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2026-10-18 02:54:32 GMT

Peeking at Data Stored in a Union
A C language union is a shared data space accessed via different data types. This feature can be handy, providing that you tag the union data as was seen in this Lesson. But I’m after exploiting a union for a more abusive yet useful purpose.
My goal is to exploit a union’s weakness by accessing a specific data type through another data type to reveal out real numbers are stored in binary. The union provides a tool I can use to “peek under the hood” and see the binary format directly. But first, consider the following example:
2026_10_17-Lesson.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
union real {
float a;
long b;
char c[8];
};
union real numb;
int x;
numb.a = 10.0;
printf("The value of numb.a is %f\n",numb.a);
printf("The value of numb.b is 0x%0lX\n",numb.b);
printf("Union numb occupies %lu bytes:",sizeof(numb));
for( x=0; x<8; x++ )
printf(" %02X",numb.c[x]);
putchar('\n');
return 0;
}
In the code, union real contains three data types all sharing the same storage: a float, a long, and a four-char array.
The program assigns the value 10.0 to float variable numb.a. This same value is output as a long stores it (in numb.b) and then the individual bytes are output as stored in the char array numb.c[]:
The value of numb.a is 10.000000
The value of numb.b is 0x41200000
Union numb occupies 8 bytes: 00 00 20 41 00 00 00 00
Variable numb.a is assigned real number 10.0. When read as a long int, the value is 0x41200000. This value reflects the way real numbers are stored in binary, so it’s not the same as 0x0A or 10 decimal.
The output for char array numb.c[] is interesting to me. It shows how the bytes appear in memory for the real number 10.0. But the values are output backwards as a long int, which reflects the way CPUs store data.
It’s all fascinating stuff, but what intrigues me the most is how binary data represents a real number. The value 10 is stored as 0x41200000. So what’s going on with those bits that cause them to be interpreted as 10.0? And what about the precision or accuracy of the value? How is that accounted for?
In next week’s Lesson I cover the mystery of how real numbers are stored in binary.
https://c-for-dummies.com/blog/?p=7821
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