I'm a mathematical physicist who likes explaining stuff. I'm the Maxwell Fellow of Public Engagement at the School of Mathematics and the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh. Check out my blog Azimuth! I'm also a member of the n-Category Café, a group blog on math with an emphasis on category theory. I also have a YouTube channel, full of talks about math, physics and the future.
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Last Notes npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Realizing more and more how modern-day AI taps into some very old urges. So many would like "unsurpassed mastery without any effort", and would summon a demon to get it. https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/872/105/716/593/324/original/7e3031b46f3b4ae7.jpg npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Yet again, Mastodon helps me crack my math problems. I never knew what was so great about the "great icosahedron". Now I do. Take a regular icosahedron whose vertices have coordinates in ℚ[√5]. Apply the nontrivial element of the Galois group: that is, replace √5 by -√5. You get the great icosahedron, shown below! More precisely, take the regular icosahedron whose 12 vertices are (±1,±Φ,0), (0,±1,±Φ), (±Φ,0,±1) where Φ = (1 + √5)/2 is the golden ratio. Take points (vertices of the icosahedron), lines (containing edges of the icosahedron), and planes (containing faces of the icosahedron) in ℚ[√5]³. Now replace √5 by -√5 in all your formulas. You get the equations for new points (vertices of a great icosahedron), lines (containing edges of this great icosahedron), and planes (containing faces of this great icosahedron). So a Galois transformation makes the icosahedron "great"! If you apply the Galois transformation again you get back the icosahedron, and if you apply it yet again you make the icosahedron great again. I thank @nprofile…vxlu and @nprofile…z0rm for their help on this. https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/589/933/232/629/819/original/2acaa507dc2a71f8.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez BIOMIMETIC TECHNOLOGIES How can we learn from nature? One of the most obvious ways is to look at natural systems and design technologies based on them. These are called biomimetic technologies. A single example can illustrate some of the issues that arise. Termites maintain nearly constant internal temperatures in their mounds through a system of channels. They don’t need fans that require power. For a time, it was believed that they used a simple convective cooling system, where hot air rises through the central chimney, drawing in cool air at the base. In 1996, a large office and retail building was built based on this idea: the Eastgate Centre in Harare, Zimbabwe, designed by the architect Mick Pearce [TS]. It has chimneys and ventilation channels that draw cool night air through the building’s thermal mass. It uses roughly 90% less energy for climate control than a conventional building of comparable size! That translates directly into far lower carbon emissions from heating and cooling. This success inspired emulation. Pearce himself used similar termite-chimney-inspired designs in a Melbourne office building [HB]. More recently the Startup Lions Campus in Kenya, designed by Kéré Architecture on the banks of Lake Turkana, features three tall terracotta-colored ventilation towers modeled after local termite mounds. (1/n) [TS] Turner, J.S. & Soar, R.C. (2008). Beyond biomimicry: What termites can tell us about realizing the living building, Proc. I3CON, p. 18. [HB] Hes, D. & Bayudi, R. (2005). Council House 2 (CH2), Melbourne CBD: a green building showcase in the making. Proceedings of Conference on Sustainable Building South East Asia, pp. 231-241. https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/483/175/250/666/344/original/7e790bce5fea0853.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez In 2022 the Spanish parliament recognized the legal personhood of a lagoon called the Mar Menor, thus making it the first ecosystem in Europe with its own rights. This follows similar decisions in some other countries: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_nature_law #nevent1q…mv9m npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Kings Day shows yet again that the least powerful Americans are the most courageous. https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/310/935/159/404/387/original/067696ef1be2cc14.webp npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…j9f5 - the Choctaw don't own most of the land over which they have jurisdiction, and I can't quickly find out how much land they do own. So far they seem to be doing solar on a smaller scale: The Choctaw Nation Solar Farm in Durant, Oklahoma sits on 35 acres of land and contains more than 15,300 solar panels. It's a partnership with Oklahoma Gas & Electric (OG&E), which constructed and operates the facility. The farm first came online in August 2020 producing 5 megawatts, and expanded it to 10 megawatts by the end of 2021. Many Choctaw Nation facilities — including tribal government, culture, and health centers — receive a portion of their power from the farm, with each of the 58 connected facilities using solar for up to half of their total power. The Nation saved $69,000 on energy costs in the first 90 days after the farm went online. The tribe also avoided price spikes during the devastating February 2021 winter storm because half their power consumption came from solar. The utility authority director has mentioned the longer-term possibility of the Choctaw Nation moving into energy production itself, though that was described as still far off. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez As confirmed by a 2020 Supreme Court decision, 15% of Oklahoma is under jurisdiction of the Choctaw Nation. Now the Choctaw have used their power to prevent ICE from getting a big detention center! https://www.projectsaltbox.com/p/choctaw-nation-buys-former-big-lots npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez The proton, 1836 times heavier than the electron, is made of two up quarks and a down, with two of their spins aligned and one pointing the other way. The same quarks with all spins aligned give a new particle, the Δ⁺, that's 2411 times heavier than the electron! But the Δ⁺ is just the first of many 'excited states' of the proton: particles made of two up quarks and a down, but arranged in different ways, with higher energy and thus more mass. They quickly decay, often turning back into a proton. There are two main kinds: • If two quarks have spin pointing the same way and one points the other way, you get a particle with total spin 1/2 + 1/2 - 1/2 = 1/2 It could be a proton, but there are lots of others. Any particle of this kind is called an N*⁺. • If all three quarks have their spins aligned, you get a particle with spin 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 = 3/2 Any particle of this kind is called a Δ⁺. When we want to be precise, the Δ⁺ I mentioned before is called Δ(1232)⁺, because its energy at rest is 1232 MeV. That corresponds to its mass being 2411 electron masses. But then come a family of increasingly overweight relatives: the Δ(1600)⁺, Δ(1620)⁺, Δ(1700)⁺, Δ(1750)⁺, and so on, all of spin 3/2. Similarly the proton can be called N(939)⁺, though it'd be like calling water dihydrogen monoxide. Then come the N(1440)⁺, N(1520)⁺, N(1535)⁺, N(1650)⁺, N(1675)⁺, N(1680)⁺, and so on - a seemingly endless series of increasingly heavy relatives, this time all of spin 1/2. Physicists started studying these excited states, or 'resonances', in 1952. By the late 1960s, people were cranking them out. How to understand them??? (1/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/264/701/322/929/059/original/ef37ec6500bcc4ba.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez The arXiv is separating from Cornell University, and is hiring a CEO, who will be paid roughly $300,000/year: https://jobs.chronicle.com/job/37961678/chief-executive-officer They say: "After decades of productive partnership with Cornell University, and with support from the Simons Foundation, arXiv is establishing itself as an independent nonprofit organization, marking the next stage in its 35-year history as a pioneer of open-access science." The arXiv’s current annual budget is approximately $6 million and they employ ~27 staff members, most of whom work remotely, primarily in the U.S. The new chief executive officer (CEO) will be responsible for all aspects of arXiv, including strategic planning, financial management, technical infrastructure, personnel oversight and stakeholder engagement. They will work closely with board member representatives of Cornell University and the Simons Foundation to establish the organization’s independence. A firm called Spencer Stuart is recruiting the CEO. For confidential nominations and expressions of interest, you can contact them at [email protected] . The salary is expected to be around $300,000, though the actual salary offered may differ. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Have you read There Is No Antimemetics Division? Would I like it? A review in The Guardian says: "Memes are ideas that easily spread; antimemes are literally unthinkable, “self-keeping secrets”, impossible to record or to remember. Some feed on memories and pose an existential threat. But how is it possible to win a war when there’s no identifiable enemy, and every attack is immediately forgotten? Against these odds, the Antimemetics Division somehow exists, part of a secret organisation with bases deep underground in the English countryside, as related in this unforgettable, mind-bendingly brilliant novel." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Is_No_Antimemetics_Division npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez In the northern hemisphere, the sun moves clockwise in the sky. This is why clocks, which were based on sundials, have hands that move clockwise. In 2014 the Bolivians finally decided to break free of this colonial legacy. They're in the southern hemisphere, after all! So the clock on their parliament now looks like this. I like it. But it must make a tempting target for counter-revolutionaries. https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/128/639/831/911/927/original/1acd7709b64aa2cc.webp npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…uv8h - Yes, leaving out extra terms in the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function tends to smooth it, because those extra terms induce more rapid oscillations. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Even if we go up to 1000 ≤ x ≤ 1100, we see the simple function 1/(1 - 2⁻ˢ)(1 - 3⁻ˢ)(1 - 5⁻ˢ) (where s = ½ + ix ) making a noble attempt to mimic the biggest peaks in the Riemann zeta function! By now there are places where it doesn't quite manage the job. But still, they look a bit alike. (2/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/088/757/223/861/800/original/05325bff144db563.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez It's a bit surprising that even on the so-called 'critical line' where s = ½ + ix for x real, the Riemann zeta function ζ(𝑠) looks a lot like the much simpler function 1/(1 - 2⁻ˢ)(1 - 3⁻ˢ)(1 - 5⁻ˢ) This is just the start of an infinite product over all primes, called the 'Euler product'. That product converges to the Riemann zeta function when Re(s) > 1, but not on the critical line. (1/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/088/748/075/657/005/original/45be345408d806d0.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…fd79 - thanks, all this is very interesting! I agree wholeheartedly that the Fourier transform of |1/(1−3^{-(1/2) - ix})(1−5^{-(1/2) - ix})|² is nicer to study than the Fourier transform of |1/(1−3^{-(1/2) - ix})(1−5^{-(1/2) - ix})| The Fourier transform of |f| is a somewhat cursed thing to study; there are no nice formulas for it. I just sort of backed into thinking about it. Your pictures of envelopes are very nice. 27/25 is important for the following reason - I explained it in my posts. The functions above are not periodic but only "quasi-periodic" in the technical sense. Suppose P is a number for which there are integers m, n with P ≈ m 2π/ln(3) ≈ n 2π/ln(5) Then f(x) = 1/(1−3^{-(1/2) - ix}) has f(x+P) ≈ f(x) and g(x) = 1/(1−5^{-(1/2) - ix}) has g(x+P) ≈ g(x) so their product is almost periodic with period P - we say P is a "quasi-period". When we look for m,n such that m 2π/ln(3) ≈ n 2π/ln(5) we are looking for rational numbers m,n with m/n ≈ ln(3)/ln(5) ≈ 0.682606194... The first few good approximations are 2/3 ≈ 0.6667 13/19 ≈ 0.6842 15/22 ≈ 0.6818 The very first one being a good approximation to ln(3)/ln(5) implies that 3 ln(3) ≈ 2 ln(5) or exponentiating both sides, 3³ ≈ 5² i.e. 27 ≈ 25 So 27/25 being close to 1 makes the function 1/(1−3^{-(1/2) - ix})(1−5^{-(1/2) - ix}) quasiperiodic with quasiperiod P ≈ 2 × 2π/ln(3) ≈ 3 × 2π/ln(5) But of course these two numbers aren't exactly equal: 2 × 2π/ln(3) ≈ 11.44 3 × 2π/ln(5) ≈ 11.71 So our function is approximately periodic with a quasiperiod around 11.5, but its two factors f and g drift out of phase... and to understand that we need better rational approximations of ln(3)/ln(5) npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…920r https://mathstodon.xyz/@johncarlosbaez/116041915039490427 npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez It's a lot easier to do the Fourier transform of the zeta function without absolute values around it, since we can take 1/(1 - 3⁻ˢ)(1 - 5⁻ˢ) and use the geometric series to write it as $$ g(x) = \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} 3^{-j/2} 5^{-k/2} e^{-ix(j\ln 3 + k\ln 5)}$$ (Sorry, I had to use LaTeX there, which only Mathstodon users will see rendered here.) But enough for now. Good night! (10/n, n = 10) npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…gvxt @nprofile…920r - yes, you can call some of them overtones. But I'm not sure that's the full explanation of the pattern we're seeing here! It should be related to the continued fraction expansion of ln(3)/ln(5) - or in other words, which powers of 3 are close to powers of 5. I showed that's part of the story. But I don't know the full story. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez So far I've been trying to understand the complicated waves in the function |1/(1−3^{-(1/2) - ix})(1−5^{-(1/2) - ix})| @nprofile…920r suggested that to do this I should compute the Fourier transform this function. This was indeed very revealing. Check out the graph below! There are the expected big peaks at ln(3)/2π ln(5)/2π ln(15)/2π which we expect from part 3. But there are many more - and many with musical significance! Let me list them - but instead of writing each frequencies ω, which are always of the form ln(a)/2π for rational numbers a, I'll just write the numbers a. Some have fairly simple musical names: 0.0122 27/25 large diatonic semitone 0.0813 5/3 major sixth 0.0935 9/5 minor seventh 0.1626 25/9 two major thirds 0.1748 3 perfect twelfth 0.2561 5 major third + two octaves 0.2684 27/5 0.3375 25/3 0.3497 9 two twelfths 0.4188 125/9 0.4310 15 0.4432 81/5 The musical names are probably less informative than the patterns here. Some of these peaks are barely visible. There are probably more too small to see - infinitely many of them. (9/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/084/515/538/035/299/original/7d78fa68fab8bc77.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez For starters, neither 15 × [2π/ln(3)] ≈ 85.8 nor 13 × [2π/ln(3)] ≈ 74.3 are especially close to the true period of the long wave crests in the absolute value of the zeta function. One drifts ahead, while the other drifts behind. But both do a pretty good job of landing on sharp spikes! I suspect that I'm just seeing the beauty of continued fraction expansions playing itself out on this playing field. There's an infinite wealth of structure and substructure, just like in the rings of Saturn - which are also caused by resonance phenomena, governed in part by continued fractions. But this particular function is a lot simpler than the rings of Saturn! (8/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/083/454/154/889/152/original/5cd1f826a1cdb75f.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Aha! 💡 Now I see what the number 13/19 being close to ln(3)/ln(5) does for us. I said it predicts peaks in our zeta function spaced at a distance of roughly 74.3. And indeed, there are big peaks at x = 0 and x ≈ 74.3! There's a bigger peak at x ≈ 85.84, since the number 15/22 is even closer to ln(3)/ln(5). But I was wrong in suggesting that the period of the really big waves is 85.84! In fact the multiples of 85.84 drift away from crests of those waves. But you'll notice they do lie on sharp spikes. And this is only possible because 85.84 - 74.3 = 11.54 which is very close to the distance between the sharp spikes!!! Remember, I computed distance in part 4, that using the fact that 2/3 is another rational approximation to ln(3)/ln(5). But where does the above equation come from? Is it a coincidence? No, earlier in this thread we approximately got the numbers 85.84, 74.3 and 11.54 in two different ways. If we use one of these ways, 85.84 - 74.3 = 11.54 is telling us 15 × [2π/ln(3)] - 13 × [2π/ln(3)] = 2 × [2π/ln(3)] If we use the other, it's telling us 22 × [2π/ln(5)] - 19 × [2π/ln(5)] = 3 × [2π/ln(5)] Both of these are of course true. So, something very nice is going on here. But I'm still confused about what. (7/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/083/327/896/010/609/original/85c4a086ad93e119.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…uv8h - Nice! Thanks! So far I'm entranced by its values on the critical line, and haven't dared venture off that line - since I don't know how it would help me. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Now I think I see why the distance between crests of the big long waves in this graph is about 85.84! We saw ln(3)/ln(5) ≈ 2/3 gives spikes in this graph spaced at a distance of about 2 × [2π/ln(3)] ≈ 3 × [2π/ln(5)] These numbers are 11.44 and 11.71, respectively. The actual spike spacing is about halfway between these two. Similarly, the better approximation ln(3)/ln(5) ≈ 13/19 should give peaks spaced at a distance of about 13 × [2π/ln(3)] ≈ 19 × [2π/ln(5)] These numbers are 74.35 and 74.17, respectively. Alas, that's not explaining our number 85.84. 😢 But there's an even better approximation ln(3)/ln(5) ≈ 15/22 which should give peaks spaced at a distance of about 15 × [2π/ln(3)] ≈ 22 × [2π/ln(5)] and these numbers are 85.79 and 85.89. The number 85.84 is about halfway between these two!!! 🎉 Of course this is still a bit mysterious. Why does 15/22 do something for us, but apparently not 13/19? Actually I believe 13/19 *does* do something for us. I'm just not sure what. I also haven'st studied what even better rational approximations to ln(3)/ln(5) do for us. But I imagine they create subtler waves in the zeta function, with even longer periods. (6/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/083/076/496/793/756/original/578d1c03af47a7d1.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…3dur - I saw those too, and I'm trying to understand them, but I hadn't noticed that there were 3 interlocking waves. So thanks for pointing that out: that's important. I had said that the distance between successive wave crests is about 62.69, which actually looks wrong to me now. Anyway, the right thing to look at might be the distance between successive wave crests of the same color. Or maybe not! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…zkp2 - you're right - thanks! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez More interestingly, the fact that 2/3 is a good rational approximation to ln(3)/ln(5) says that 3 ln(3) ≈ 2 ln(5) or exponentiating both sides, 3³ ≈ 2⁵ i.e. 27 ≈ 25. The ratio 27/25 is so important in music that it has a name! It's called the 'large diatonic semitone'. It's one of four semitones that naturally show up in just intonation. Just intonation is ruled by the primes 2, 3, and 5, but today I'm just looking at the primes 3 and 5. That's why I'm looking at the zeta function of the commutative ring ℤ/3 × ℤ/5, and that's why the number 27/25 showed up! (5/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/082/712/140/724/441/original/d11a95c69a961edf.jpg npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez The slow 'beats' in the absolute value of the zeta function 1/(1 - 3⁻ˢ)(1 - 5⁻ˢ) arise because it's the product of two functions: 1/1 - 3⁻ˢ with period 2π/ln(3) ≈ 5.719 and 1/1 - 3⁻ˢ with period 2π/ln(5) ≈ 3.904 These functions both become big simultaneously when there are integers m,n with m 2π/ln(3) ≈ n 2π/ln(5) or in other words m/n ≈ ln(3)/ln(5) So finding the tallest peaks in the absolute value of the zeta function amounts to looking for good rational approximations of this number: ln(3)/ln(5) ≈ 0.682606194 Here are the first few: 2/3 ≈ 0.6667 13/19 ≈ 0.6842 15/22 ≈ 0.6818 The first says we expect tall peaks spaced apart by roughly 2 × [2π/ln(3)] ≈ 3 × [2π/ln(5)] These numbers are close but not equal! Look at them: 4π/ln(3) ≈ 11.44 6π/ln(5) ≈ 11.71 This explains why I empirically found that the very tall spikes in the graph below are separated by a distance of about 11.58. However, my guess that this distance is really 5 × [2π/ln(15)] ≈ 11.6009 may be completely wrong. (4/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/082/638/110/150/050/original/156231969416dcca.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…3n8d - umm, no, because no commtuative ring where 1+1 = 0 embeds in any commutative ring without that property, and none without that property embeds in one that does have that property. This is why commutative algebraists (dually known as algebraic geometers) divide the world into different 'characteristics'. A ring of characteristic n has 1 + 1 + ... + 1 = 0 where you sum n ones. They especially like fields, and for fields each field either has characteristic p for some prime p or 'characteristic zero', meaning no sum of 1's can equal zero. I am studying ℤ/3 × ℤ/5, which is a product of a field of characteristic 3 and one of characteristic 5. For many purposes these should be studied separately, but I enjoy seeing these 'beats' which appear when you combine different primes. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…3n8d - if the rings are "too infinite", like the ring of continuous real-valued functions on the real interval, the sum in the definition of the Hasse-Weil zeta function doesn't converge and we should probably leave it alone. For finite boolean rings it's not so bad! For the 2-element ring with 'and' as times and 'exor' as plus, the zeta function is 1/(1 - 2ˢ). (Whoops - just noticed a pile of minus sign typos I need to fix. Thanks!) npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez In the graph here, the sharp peaks seem to be spaced by a distance of 11.58 ≈ 5 × [2π/ln(15)] The slow beating has a period of roughly 62.69 ≈ 27 × [2π/ln(15)] I don't know if these approximate formulas are good - based on some deeper math - or just coincidences. With luck I can figure this out pretty soon, but I thought I'd throw it out here for y'all to play around with. We can take the reciprocal of the zeta function and notice that (1 - 3⁻ˢ)(1 - 5⁻ˢ) = 1 - √3 e^(ix ln 3) - √5 e^(ix ln 5) + √15 e^(ix ln 15) So for *this* function we expect oscillations with periods 2π/ln(3) ≈ 5.719 2π/ln(5) ≈ 3.904 2π/ln(15) ≈ 2.320 but this does not instantly explain the longer periods that stand out so dramatically in the graph here. (3/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/082/180/348/029/195/original/1497f0dc712c8afb.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez To get a better picture of the *slow* oscillations in |1/(1 - 3⁻ˢ)(1 - 5⁻ˢ)| where s = ½ + ix, let's plot it from x = 0 to x = 300. https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/082/100/436/960/223/original/1875827997fb8e9d.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez There are fascinating connections between the Riemann zeta function and music theory. I'll probably write a paper about this, but I can't resist talking about a little piece of the story. I will *not* explain what this has to do with music, since I want to tell that exciting story later on, and do a really good job of it. Any commutative ring has a zeta function! The Riemann zeta function is the zeta function of ℤ, but the zeta function of ℤ/3 × ℤ/5 is simpler: it's just 1/(1 - 3⁻ˢ)(1 - 5⁻ˢ) Let's graph this along the 'critical line' where the famous zeros of the Riemann zeta function live. So, let's take s = ½ + ix and plot |1/(1 - 3⁻ˢ)(1 - 5⁻ˢ)| as a function of x from x = 0 to x = 100. We get this picture here: (1/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/082/076/373/675/815/original/798686c7fe217f56.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez This fairly dumb article in a magazine of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers claims there's a "crisis" at Wikipedia because the editors rejected a push for AI summaries of Wikipedia articles. A couple of reasons why the article is dumb: • Where the article says "Research has shown that many readers today greatly value quick overviews of any article," the link leads to something completely different: an article titled "In the AI era, Wikipedia has never been more valuable", containing no such research. • The article says "But the volunteer base is aging. A 2010 study found the average Wikipedia contributor was in their mid-twenties; today, many of those same editors are now in their forties or fifties." So volunteers at Wikipedia are aging faster than other people, with some of *the same people* moving from their mid-twenties to their fifties in just 16 years?!? Maybe it just feels that way. 😆 npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…84yf - it would be cool if some far-out Mayan priest dreamt up the 20-adics! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Math is everywhere. Here's a tale where a bit of number theory let a couple of archeologists, Marion and Matthew Stirling, figure out that the Olmec civilization was incredibly old. The Stirlings found the stone here in Mexico, and guessed that the date written on it was 7.16.6.16.18. In the calendar used by the Olmecs and other Central American civilizations, this corresponds to September 3, 32 BC. But the first digit was missing from this part of the stone! All the Stirlings actually saw was 16.6.16.18. And the first digit was the most significant one! If it were 8 instead of 7, the date of the stone would be much later: roughly 362 AD, when the Mayans were in full swing. The Stirlings guessed that the first digit must be 7 using a clever indirect argument. The Olmecs and Mayans used two calendars! In addition to the calendar I just mentioned, called the Mesoamerican Long Count, they also used one called the Tzolkʼin. This uses a 260-day cycle, where each day gets its own number and name: there are 13 numbers and 20 names. And inscribed on this stone are not only the last four digits of the Mesoamerican Long Count digits, but also the Tzolkʼin day: 6 Etz’nab. This is what made the reconstruction possible! (1/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/058/840/198/220/342/original/c637fb5a58de01af.jpg npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…nuf5 - yes, in physics (and elsewhere) it's important to have, for each fact, not just a bit saying whether you believe it or not, but a little file recording the evidence for or against it. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…3mqd - are you trying to tell me something? npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…xdkd - we might have a lot to talk about. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Gro-Tsen continues: This C = 584 283 or “GMT” correlation value places the “Long Count epoch” 0.0.0.0.0 on August 11, 3114BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar (the day with Julian Date 584 283), although IIUC it's not clear if this precise date held any particular importance to the Olmecs (or later Mayans). Maybe it was just arbitrary like the start of our own Julian Date (because, no, Julius Scalier didn't think the world started on November 24, 4714BCE proleptic Gregorian). One Mayan inscription suggest that the Long Count was the truncation to the last 5 “digits” of an even longer count, and that a Long Count value such as 9.15.13.6.9 was in fact 13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.9.15.13.6.9 in this Even Longer Count (why 13 everywhere? I don't know!). But this may be one particular astronomer's weird ideas, I guess we'll never know. But back to the Mayan correlation constant C. Wikipedia suggests that this “GMT” value C = 584 283 for the Mayan correlation is now settled and firmly established. But between 1905 and now there was some going back and forth with various authors (including the three Goodman, Martínez and Thompson after which it is named) adding or removing a day or two (I think Goodman first proposed 584 283, then changed his mind to 584 280, but nobody really cared, Hernández resurrected the proposal in 1926 but altered it to 584 284, then Thompson to 584 285 in 1927, and then Thompson later said Goodman's initial value of 584 283 had been right all long, and while this is now accepted, the confusion of ±3 days might still linger). (5/n) npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Gro-Tsen writes: I did the math. 🙋 👉 It's Sept. 3, 32BCE (reminder: “32BCE” actually means “−31” 😒) in the proleptic Julian calendar = Sept. 1 prol. Gregorian. The Western equivalent of the Mesoamerican Long Count is the “Julian Date” (NB: “Julian” here refers not to Julius Cæsar as in “Julian Calendar” but to the 16th century scholar Julius Scaliger). The Julian Date simply counts the number of days from an arbitrary remote reference point (Nov. 24, 4714BCE proleptic Gregorian). More practically, on 2000-01-01 it equaled 2 451 545 (at 12:00 UTC if we want to use fractional Julian dates). For example, today as I write is Julian Date 2 461 082 (well, 2 461 081.9 because it's not yet noon UTC). And the date of Sept. 1, 32BCE [prol. Greg.] we're talking about corresponds to Julian Date 1 709 981. More convenient than all this dealing with complicated calendar conventions. So to convert a Long Count date to the Western calendar, we first convert the Long Count to an integer (trivial: it's already just an integer written in base 20-except-18-in-the-penultimate-digit), we add a constant (C) to get a Julian Date, and we convert to our messy calendars. BUT! What is this constant C? This is known as the “Mayan correlation”. For a long time in the 20th century there was a debate about its value: scholars could relate any two Mayan dates, but not situate them exactly w.r.t. our own calendar. Various values were proposed, ranging from the (frankly rather ludicrous) 394 483 to 774 078, an interval of about 1000 years! (😅) https://bsky.app/profile/gro-tsen.bsky.social/post/3meiqswj7b22a (4/n) npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez 30 years later a farmer found the other half of the rock and confirmed Marion Stirlling's guess: yes, the date was September 3, 32 BC! That's a wonderful story of delayed gratification. But here's the absolutely chilling part: the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar was so damn good that we can look at that date and know it meant September 3, 32 BC... to within a few days. I'll explain how, quoting my friend Gro-Tsen (who alas chose Bluesky rather than Mastodon because it's easier to move your posts somewhere else). (2/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/047/488/961/743/570/original/4218f0bcc8606fc7.jpg npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez People used to think the Olmecs, who made those colossal stone heads, were not very old. But in 1939, an archaeologist couple, Marion and Matthew Stirling, found the bottom half of this Olmec rock, which had part of a date carved on it. They guessed the date was 7.16.6.16.18. In the Meso-American Long Count calendar this corresponds to September 3, 32 BC. That meant the Olmecs were extremely old! But the first digit was missing - Marion just *guessed* it was a 7 - so few believed them. (2/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/047/470/216/672/514/original/85bbe97ef822b850.jpg npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez The problem with archeologists is that the successful ones get a big head. (1/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/047/449/437/146/590/original/bb1076bf7a7d5c31.webp npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…h6a3 - thanks, I'll check out this show in preparation for my own pilgrimage! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…8qh7 @nprofile…xdkd - I used to read Gene Ward Smith on sci.math and such, but I never paid much attention to his tuning theory stuff. I feel terribly sorry that I didn't, since he died of COVID in 2021: https://en.xen.wiki/w/Gene_Ward_Smith His work seems to be scattered in various newsgroups and chat rooms, articles on the Xenharmonic Wiki, etc. Besides the material on the Riemann zeta function another exciting thing is his study of "Don Page commas": https://en.xen.wiki/w/Don_Page_comma npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez My god! What an amazing blog article! For the last few weeks I've been studying the work of Gene Ward Smith, who discovered a connection between muic theory and the Riemann zeta function. But it turns out @nprofile…xdkd has been thinking abou this for years... and what she has discovered is much richer and more beautiful than I had imagined. This changes everything! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…uk82 - scarlet macaws in New Mexico? Or cacao? npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez For more on parrots and scarlet macaws at Chaco Canyon: https://archaeologymag.com/2025/12/ancient-puebloans-macaws-ceremonial-use/ "Chaco Canyon saw occupation from the mid-9th to the mid-12th centuries, which also coincided with the growth of what eventually became monumental masonry pueblos, known as Great Houses. While macaw and parrot remains have intrigued researchers for decades, the last analysis of them was published more than half a century ago. This study reexamines that old material using modern zooarchaeological methods and contextual reconstruction. The reanalysis identified the remains of 45 birds from five different sites within the canyon. Most of them were scarlet macaws, with a small number of thick-billed parrots, a species that is not native to the region, and provide evidence of long-distance acquisition. Most of the birds were found in the Great Houses, particularly Pueblo Bonito, the largest and most studied Chacoan building. There, archaeologists found dozens of macaws in large plastered rooms, which often included thermal features, indicating a deliberate effort was put into keeping the birds warm in a harsh environment. Many of the rooms showed clear signs that live birds had been held inside for long periods. Researchers observed thick layers of droppings, food debris, and what looked like perches, which provides proof that macaws lived in these spaces rather than just being put there for a short time or processed. Individuals ranged widely in age from juveniles to those over the age of twenty, which points to long-term care rather than short-lived use." (3/3) npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez For more on chocolate at Chaco Canyon: https://www.nps.gov/chcu/learn/historyculture/pre-columbian-chocolate-discovered-at-chaco.htm "From 2004-2007 a University of New Mexico (UNM) research project re-excavated the trenches first dug in Pueblo Bonito’s middens under Neil Judd in the 1920s. Of the hundreds of thousands of pot sherds that were recovered, archaeologist Patricia Crown selected five for her research. She is a ceramics specialist at UNM’s Department of Anthropology. She designed the project, and W. Jeffrey Hurst from The Hershey Center for Health and Nutrition performed the research. They chose five pot sherds for organic residue analysis, three of which were likely from cylinder jars. The pieces date to between 1000 and 1125 AD based on their decorative styles. Only the three sherds most likely from cylinder jars exhibited trace theobromine, a conclusive indicator of cacao or chocolate. The implications of this find are extraordinary. The cacao plant grows only in certain tropical climates, and the nearest possibility for Chaco is Central Mexico. We already know the Chacoan people traded with Mesoamerican cultures for exotics like copper bells and scarlet macaws, but cacao suggests a more ritual connection than other Mesoamerican goods. In some Maya ceremonies a cacao beverage was frothed by pouring the liquid from one vessel to another. Likewise, the cacao found at Chaco was probably in liquid form because the residue had absorbed into the clay itself. Further, the limited distribution of the cylinder jars could be evidence that only an elite or small segment of the population consumed the beverage." (2/3) npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Chaco Canyon should be called Choco Canyon, because researchers have found traces of *chocolate* in cups found at this site dating back to 1000 - 1125 AD. This is amazing: Chaco Canyon is in a dry part of New Mexico, 1900 kilometers north of where cacao grows. But the cups look like those that Mayans used for chocolate-drinking rituals! And archeologists have also found remains of parrots and macaws in Chaco Canyon. This suggests enormous trading routes. (1/3) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/037/400/946/848/573/original/2a0a486577f4affe.jpg npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…l7vu - thanks, that was a great listen. I'm planning to do a lot of study before visiting various sites this spring. This video was a good springboard toward digging deeper into these matters, because it situated Chaco in an interacting network of different cultures. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…xuq7 - nice! It looks like a rocket-fuel-propelled approach to algebraic geometry where he talks about zeta functions and cohomology theories on page 3 and then gets serious. 😆 npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…xuq7 - Oh great! I haven't ever looked at a book by Raskin, in fact I don't even know the name Raskin. But I've been thinking there should be an approach to algebraic geometry that goes like this. I only heard about this approach long after I suffered through the Hartshorne approach (listening to people talk about it, not actually studying it very hard). npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…xuq7 - Neat! I was just joking: I actually skipped commutative algebra entirely myself, too - I just zoned out whenever anyone tried to explain this stuff to me. I just posted a comment sketching in a very sketchy way the "modern" approach to defining schemes, via the Zariski site. Maybe this is what you're studying now. Hartshorne takes a more traditional approach - or maybe we should say the traditional approach is to follow Hartshorne. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez If like me you slept through part of your algebra class and spent years later trying to catch up on algebraic geometry, this is the thread for you! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…a3ey - it's a great read, though not all at once. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…jrcx - it looks like an error-ridden text. Throw it out and get a better book on number theory! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…az9a - it would be illegal, indeed against the US Constitution, for Trump to attempt to take over the election process. In fact I recently added a remark about this to my original post, for people unfamiliar with the US system. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…5ahq - I'd never say radically improved democracy is impossible. We need not only an appealing new system, but a way to get there from here. I hope you've written, or will write, a detailed tactical manual on how to get there from here. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…5ahq - I don't read Medium, but try these: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-4OPJaqkP4 https://www.alternet.org/capitalism-trump/ https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policycast/oligarchy-open-what-happens-now-us-forced-confront-its-plutocracy and many more. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…5ahq - Lots of people are discussing those questions. But it's also important to avoid falling off the cliff right now. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Trump now says the quiet part out loud: "The Republicans should say: 'We want to take over. We should take over the voting in at least 15 places.' The Republicans ought to nationalise the voting." For folks outside the US: Elections in the US are run, not nationally, but by the individual states - until the final stage. Thus, nationalizing the elections would be a way to end fair elections in the US. We can guess that the "15 places" include states where ICE thugs currently roam in large numbers: states with Democrat-dominated cities such as Minneapolis, Portland, Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles and Atlanta. Trump can use ICE, the National Guard and - if he invokes the Insurrection Act - the military to suppress demonstrations against this takeover. Funding DHS, the department ICE belongs to, is a very bad idea. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0mke841zj0o npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Ecologist Alison Anastasio visited a former US Steel South Works site in Chicago. She expected to find “all crap plants” — common invasive weeds. To her surprise she spotted little bluestem and three species of native milkweed. She had already decided she didn't want a career as an academic scientist. But she came up with the idea of forming a group to study this ecosystem: “a dream team of people I wanted to work with.” She knew Laura Merwin from the University of Chicago, and later she met Lauren Umek, a project manager for the Chicago Park District. She invited them to brunch to pitch her idea to research plants growing on slag. Not for any obvious career goal. Just from sheer curiosity. Merwin and Umek were excited to join her project - a “reverse side hustle,” since it involved a lot of work, but cost money. Their first paper, “Urban post-industrial landscapes have unrealized ecological potential,” was published in Restoration Ecology in 2022. It argues that slag fields don't need to be fixed. They have ecological value in and of themselves. And land managers should forget whatever ecosystem was there before. Instead, they should look to more exotic ecosystems as a guide, like the dolomite prairies of Illinois, where magnesium-rich rock near the surface makes it hard for ordinary plants to thrive. Slag too is rich in magnesium. The Slag Queens are continuing their revolutionary work even now! For more, start here: • Carrie Gous, The beauty of slag, https://mag.uchicago.edu/science-medicine/beauty-slag Some of what I just wrote is a paraphrase of this article. (2/2) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/002/537/476/696/335/original/67600c88728578df.jpg npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Here's a tale of how nature triumphs in the end. Steel mills dumped molten slag in parts of Chicago and nearby areas. The slag hardened in layers up to 15 feet deep. These places became barren wastelands. Some were also dumping grounds for hot ash and cinders. Eventually the steel mills closed. The deep layers of hard, toxic material were not friendly to plants. Cottonwoods are usually 30 meters tall or more. In the slag fields, stunted cottonwoods grow to just 2 meters. But rare species that could handle these conditions began to thrive. The lakeside daisy, a federally threatened species lost to Illinois for decades, turns out to grow taller on slag than on topsoil! The capitate spike-rush, last recorded in Illinois in 1894 and considered locally extinct, was rediscovered growing on slag. And more! Native prairie grasses like little bluestem. Native milkweeds. Even tiny white orchids called sphinx ladies' tresses. A team of women ecologists began studying these unusual landscapes. They call themselves the Slag Queens. (1/n) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/116/001/935/711/383/568/original/f6921ce7e25c2330.jpg npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…3vpz - interesting enough. A bit more color variation on short distance scales might make the landscapes more realistic, especially the one at lower right which has large regions of dark orange (cloud shadows?). The clouds are simple blobs. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…t6k2 - My wife is reading Katabasis. She says it's too long (450 pages), and could have used editing to remove repetition. But she likes some of the ideas, e.g. how people in the Department of Analytic Magick at Cambridge need to compare Western and Chinese accounts of the geography of Hell to get a good understanding of the place. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…ldyp @nprofile…s7d2 @nprofile…t6k2 @nprofile…z2n3 - when you folks figure out what's going on here, I hope you explain it to me in simple terms. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…s7d2 - You're making me think I was mixed up. (I wrote that stuff a long time ago and haven't thought about it in years.) The proof-theoretic ordinal of PRA is \(\omega^\omega \) but it sounds like PRA is only supposed to be able to define primitive recursive functions, hence not the Ackermann function. @nprofile…t6k2 @nprofile…z2n3 npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez I thought they wouldn't release the Epstein files until hell freezes over... but in fact it only took frost quakes. Yes, FROST QUAKES, also called cryoseisms! It got so cold so fast in the US that freezing soil created earthquakes. They even cracked the wall in someone's house. https://www.npr.org/2026/01/30/nx-s1-5693186/winter-storm-causes-weather-phenomenon-known-as-frost-quakes-in-parts-of-the-south npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez The movement is starting in Minneapolis, and the movement needs songs. youtu.be/hyPFxh_XXwY npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…t6k2 @nprofile…z2n3 @nprofile…s7d2 - just to be clear, where @nprofile…z2n3 quoted me as writing ω2 and ωω, I actually wrote ω^2 (ω squared) and ω^ω (ω to the ω). I was trying to say that PRA is powerful enough to prove that the Ackermann function is total because it can handle recurious up to ω^ω, but proving the Ackermann function is total only requires recursion up to ω^2. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Wow! Once the Rhine, the Thames and the Seine were all tributaries of the same big river that flowed out where the English Channel is now! It's called the Channel River: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_River This river system began forming after catastrophic megafloods breached the Dover Strait between roughly 450,000 and 180,000 years ago Whenever there have been glacial periods since then, the sea level drops, Britain becomes connected to Europe, and the Channel River forms. Its most recent appearance was during the Last Glacial Maximum 20,000 years ago, when sea levels were about 130 meters lower than today. (hat-tip to @julesh.mathstodon.xyz.ap.brid.gy ) (1/2) https://media.mathstodon.xyz/media_attachments/files/115/981/746/724/020/666/original/36c1d2edb8c8e0db.png npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Fractions built from the numbers 2, 3 and 5 play a big role in music theory! Here I list those as close to 1 as possible for a given complexity. First we get a bunch of famous ones like the major third: 5/4 = 1.25 the minor third: 6/5 = 1.2 the diatonic semitone: 16/15 = 1.06666... and the syntonic comma: 81/80 = 1.0125 Eventually we get absurdly small ones like the quark of Baez: 2⁻⁵⁷³ 3²³⁷ 5⁸⁵ = 1.0000005104.... Yes, it's bad to name things after yourself. In fact that's item 25 on the crackpot index! So if you do it, you should do it for something silly. But the math here is not silly. I think it's really cool how musicians systematically explored fractions close to 1. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…g0zc @nprofile…gu9p @nprofile…ck2y - If Gödel really did get angry and threw out Chaitin, this could be one of the first examples of scientists getting disgusted by people trying to connect Gödel's theorem and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. By now it's a routine occurrence. Speaking of "adding axioms", Grothendieck added an extra axiom to ZFC to carry out his work on algebraic geometry: the axiom of universes. This is a trick to get around the problem with "the set of all sets". The idea is that for any cardinal, there's a larger cardinal so big that the collection of sets with cardinality smaller than that is almost indistinguishable from the set of all sets. Since Grothendieck's work relying on the axiom of universe was later used to prove Fermat's Last Theorem, this raises the question of whether we only know FLT conditional on the axiom of universes! My friend Colin McLarty has been trying to sort this out. He believes that in all cases the axiom of universes can be sidestepped - at the expense of making various arguments more technical. Here's a surprisingly readable introduction to this business: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20749620 npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez We need all the humor we can get, these days: The Guardian reports that UK ticket sales for the new movie Melania are 'soft'. This is a great example of the British gift for understatement. "UK ticket sales for Melania are so far “soft”, according to Tim Richards, the chief executive of Vue, one of the country’s biggest cinema operators. Just one ticket has been sold for the first 3.10pm screening on Friday at its flagship Islington branch in London, while two have been booked for 6pm. At the time of publication, all seats remained available for the 28 screenings of Melania at the Blackburn, Castleford and Hamilton branches. The picture was slightly rosier at the Cineworld in Wandsworth, which had sold four tickets, while five backrow seats were also booked at the Cineworld in Broughton." https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jan/26/melania-trump-documentary-uk-cinemas-vue-soft-sales npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…zyzh - Interesting. For some kinds of math questions there's a right answer, e.g. true-or-false questions (which can be very powerful in mathematics). For these it can be really helpful for beginners to know what's the right answer. For other questions, more open-ended, there's nothing at all like a unique right answer. I personally never even paid much attention to this check mark business. Personally I think the competitiveness comes in when we see charts like this: https://mathoverflow.net/users/2893/john-c-baez I'm the 100th best person on MathOverflow this month, etc. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…zyzh - nothing in MathOverflow says a question has a single answer. Many questions there have lots. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…wncd - great! I have been very busy and distracted but I ***do*** want to return to this project and finish it off. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…zyzh - I can handle the competitive aspects of MathOverflow myself - I'm fairly high up the totem pole, and I've run quite a few online discussion groups, so I'm used to dealing calmly with jerks of all kinds. But people shouldn't need a thick skin to talk about math! If the competitive aspects are firmly "baked in" to MathOverflow, then someone will have to start afresh with a different approach. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…fh5j - I find MathOverflow extremely useful myself, because it attracts lots of experts who can help me with problems I'm stuck on. However, I suspect you're right that "gamifying" the process of asking and answering questions by giving people points and publicly displaying their "reputation" scores could be off-putting to lots of women (and also certain kinds of men). When I suggested that women might not enjoy this competitive approach, someone reacted by pointing out the existence of highly competitive women tennis players, and then the conversation digressed to the meta-question of whether this analogy was useful - and the meta-meta-question of whether analogies of this sort were ever useful. I found it quite unsatisfying to see my point shunted off in this way. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Not very urgent compared to some things, but okay: MathOverflow is a website for asking and answering math questions. Very few women participate. After hearing some women discuss the reasons why, I asked what has been done to make MathOverflow more welcoming to women: https://meta.mathoverflow.net/questions/6367/what-is-being-done-to-make-mathoverflow-more-welcoming-to-women Answer: something was done once, but nothing is being done now. But some preferred to argue against the very question. And now I see that someone has posted a followup, proposing that "questions that invite general discussion about how to address the gender imbalance on MO are off-topic and should be closed/locked/deleted" https://meta.mathoverflow.net/questions/6390/proposal-free-floating-discussions-of-things-like-women-and-mo-should-be-bann The reason, supposedly, is that my question started a conversation that "did not reflect well on MathOverflow". Personally I think the solution is not to shut people up, but to start doing things to make MathOverflow more welcoming to women. Some women say this is hopeless - they'll just ignore the place and/or hope it dies. I hope people who think that start up a new site. But I hope people who like MathOverflow try to improve it. (For nonexperts I should clarify that I asked my question on MathOverflow Meta. This is precisely the place to talk, not about math, but MathOverflow policies. So it's not as if I were interrupting math conversations with "off-topic" discussion of policy. The objection was solely that I started a conversation that became unpleasant in some ways. By now the moderators have deleted the most obnoxious comments.) npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…g0zc - opposite of feckless? npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…g0zc - "This shepherd's pie is f***ing good!" npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…3nhw - I don't really know any references that do what you want. Wikipedia lists a bunch of references for the classical case: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur%E2%80%93Weyl_duality but not the q-deformed case. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…jrcx - @nprofile…t6k2 would have opinions on this, though he may be tired of talking about it. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…a3ey - I guess this is early enough that he's not saying it with the somewhat exasperated tone of a modern mathematician? npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Mood. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…npxu - I was only commenting on the headline and the first explanatory paragraph: "Microsoft chief executive Satya Nadella has warned that artificial intelligence (AI) risks becoming a speculative bubble unless its use spreads beyond big tech companies and wealthy economies." So the massive investment in AI risks becoming a speculative bubble if not enough people use AI. That seems close enough to a tautology to be funny. You're saying something more interesting: "the massive success and wide adoption of life-changing technology does not, in itself, mean there is no bubble." That's the converse, which is a lot less obvious. And then you're saying a lot of other interesting things.... npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…j4wh - really??? Can't AI solve that problem? npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez "There's a danger that our technology could fail if it fails!" Maybe this man's impressively large dome makes such remarks sound profound. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/01/20/ai-boom-could-falter-without-wider-adoption-microsoft-chief-satya-nadella-warns/ npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…a3ey - noble of you! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…a3ey - I too promise to no longer publish more than 7 papers per year. 😆 npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…2sx2 - they've got lots of nice posts here. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…2sx2 - there are some very nice experts on constructive mathematics here on Mathstodon, e.g. @nprofile…t6k2 and @nprofile…ldyp. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…2sx2 - there are mathematicians who question all the things you're questioning, and they write papers about that. However, it pays to learn the standard rules. This doesn't mean "believing" in them, indeed one great thing about math is that checking the validity of a proof never requires belief. It pays to learn the standard rules because if you don't, you're cut off from an enormous body of centuries of work. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…hs9s - thanks! The connection of music and math is a wonderful thing. I've got more on this: https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/tuning_book/ Probably more than you want! npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez Life in Nunavut - the largest and northernmost territory of Canada. npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…hs9s - Here is a talk Dmitri gave in Edinburgh: https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2025/11/22/dmitri-tymoczko/ npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…hs9s - Here is a talk Dmitri gave in Edinburgh: https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2025/11/22/dmitri-tymoczko/ npub17u6xav5rjq4d48fpcyy6j05rz2xelp7clnl8ptvpnval9tvmectqp8pd6m John Carlos Baez @nprofile…hs9s - Here is a talk Dmitri gave in Edinburgh: https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2025/11/22/dmitri-tymoczko/