8-bit homebrew computers, analog electronics and 74-series madness!⚡️🪛 Original content from me and boosted content from the wider electronics community🔄 Living in the past but optimistic about the future. Location: Cambridge🇬🇧 Career: Electronics engineer (consultant) Fav programming language: Machine code Born: This century
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Last Notes npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ High praise indeed! npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ I've been experimenting with interlacing on my new 8-bit video card and it's finally working!!! https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/116/902/721/525/650/472/original/6bdd0badcfc89718.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ Fuck the first machine to pass the turing test. I wanna be the first human to fail it! #AI npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ Well it never became a hit either. They sold less than 200. But the hex editor was actually a step forward at the time. Contemporaries like the altar had front panels full of switches and lights by default. The hex editor did everything a front panel would, but did it in software. Quite cool I think! npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ April 11th, 1976 - The #Apple 1 is released🍎 1MHz #6502, 4kB of DRAM (expandable to 8kB!), and a 40 by 24 character display. #Woz was able to fit a simple hex editor in the limited 256 bytes of ROM in the machine, which allowed the user to enter, read, and run programs/data in RAM. The schematic was interesting too. Woz had made his own TV typewriter terminal, similar to Don Lancaster's, and the Apple 1 was just a simple microcomputer bolted onto the front of it. Happy 50th to the Apple 1🎉 https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/116/385/784/760/767/272/original/17855aa6d761dfa3.jpg https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/116/385/777/717/985/115/original/9a6e98a936d71d3b.jpg https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/116/385/777/928/717/581/original/4e988b3878947536.jpeg https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/116/385/783/416/410/539/original/9a419358eb66fd4a.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ Anyone else ever notice that DIP-40 chips are never boring? Like if you see a DIP-40 on a board, you know it's something interesting! https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/115/151/205/975/413/614/original/1acb074b063454e9.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ yep OG VGA textmode is 720 by 400...pretty cursed in my opinion. 9 horizontal bits per character🤮 npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ Three generations of keyboard interface cards for my Z80 machine. First: Simple interrupt logic and two buffer ICs for reading X & Y signals from the keyboard matrix. Second: Added connections and logic to also read two rotary encoders. Third: Replaced the buffers with latches that are disabled when read (reduces chances of metastability) and reimplemented interrupt logic as a state machine. Very happy with the final card. Represents a serious leap in engineering compared to my original. https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/114/777/913/259/123/586/original/90565de918ac3cea.jpg https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/114/777/913/767/886/053/original/a6122d9fd632a47f.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ decimal machines were pretty common in early computing. People weren't used to binary yet so lots of machines used BCD for arithmetic because it was easier for humans to understand and debug. The extra hardware cost wasn't worth it though, so eventually pure binary machines prevailed. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ In 1981 #IBM got the legendary Paul Rand to redesign their logo. He did not disappoint. Eye Bee M https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/114/318/484/474/095/730/original/eede614b43b4373b.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ it's just 640 with double wide pixels npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ By designing the icons for the 1984 #macintosh, Susan Kare added a much needed personal touch to the computer industry. Her icons were incredibly descriptive given they were just 32 × 32 pixels, and at that resolution she may also have been paid the most money-per-pixel of any digital artist in history! (I hear apple did pay her well) Happy #marchinosh https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/114/230/216/763/118/447/original/ced36297f4cdf645.jpg https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/114/230/217/435/912/646/original/00c94d8a13bc73fa.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ oh I see. I just explained it badly. The interrupt signal is generated by the ANDing them. The CPU reads the raw inputs (through schmitt triggers) npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ when the first edge falls, the other with still be high and you're just looking at that to tell the direction. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ thanks, I'll be writing drivers for it soon so this'll be useful. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ all the inputs are active low, so I'm just ANDing them all together and the negative edge generates an interrupt. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_encoder ^ look at the section on incremental encoders. The interrupt just causes it to store the outputs of the encoders (it's visible as an 8-bit input port), then schedule further processing the next time the OS is called. The Z80 is running at 8MHz, pretty snappy, so the interrupt response time should be quick enough provided it's not serving lots of higher priority interrupts...but yes it is cutting it closer than I'd like. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ and yeah the backup battery is a 9V. I designed the buck converter to accept 9V from the wall anyway so this was another an easy addition. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ no ADCs. They're rotary encoders so their output is digital. All I'm doing is schmitt triggering the inputs and adding a bit of logic to generate an interrupt when it detects a low transition. Most of the interrupt logic is shared with the keyboard anyway so this addition hasn't increased the chip count much. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ thanks. I was surprised about how easy it was. Everyone with an interest in electronics could (and should) apply for their foundation licence. It's only a couple of evenings of work. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ My #Z80 machine is getting some new input devices. Watch this space! #electronics #breadboard #homebrew https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/114/128/997/854/812/460/original/c793dac0d6204f81.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ I've been meaning to get this done for a few years. So happy I finally found the time to do it! 🎙Callsign: M7TZC #amateur #radio #foundation https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/114/128/974/073/774/469/original/0acae9a80a988f06.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ I'll take some of the MC34063s if they're still going? It's a brilliant little chip! npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ i actually use a trick like this for my buffers. If you put the buffer on a page boundary then you only need to reload the low half of the pointer (1 byte) as apposed to the full 16-bits. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ yeah Set and Reset aren't synchronous. The output will change the moment you pull those inputs low, they don't use the clock. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ wow, nice to see someone who used it back in the day. And yeah it's sad to see the Z80 go, especially since it's what got me into electronics. Funnily enough the 6502 is still being produced by WDC, and they're using a much newer process node so hopefully it'll be around for a long time to come🤞 npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ LittleFuse (Zilog's parent company) took the last orders for the #Z80 yesterday. After 48 years of constant production, #Zilog will no longer produce the Z80 as LittleFuse is unable to keep producing the current Z84Cxxxx series using the 4-micron (4000 nm) CMOS process. The legendary chip, designed by the legendary Federico Faggin in 1976 was largely responsible for the microcomputer revolution and is still beloved by electronics hobbyists today. It had one hell of an impact! RIP Z80 https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/112/613/888/801/562/134/original/3eb6b65df6684147.jpg https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/112/613/891/684/367/666/original/e49c23528458ec1e.jpg npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ if they pull 500mA then they're going to be running at 108°C. Also how come those boards cost $200??? Where did you get them from? npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ you'll need LARGE heatsinks for those voltage regulators. They'll burn out in minutes if you run your machine like that. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ yeah it's also the most undemocratic system you can imagine. Very prone to corruption, sensorship, misinformation. Should call this new website "1984"! npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ we gave up on this method in the late 90s because there was just too much information. Imagine how much worse the problem is now. Tbf I'm being a bit harsh. You could curate a small, high quality portion of the internet this way. Which would be quite good. npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ good luck trying to index the whole internet npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ i'm guessing you have to ignore the M1 chip for this to be true. If moving you're entire line of computers to a new home grown architecture doesn't count as a risk then what does! npub1g8rkdfne0p6ktkkylyr25fzdpm7sctn86aydsl29h0lcc9gd6desakwa56 Electrotopia⚡️ Finally got my 320 by 200 #VGA video card PCBs last week. Glad to be off the breadboard! Here's a view of my hex editor on my #Z80 machine using it. https://mastodon.nl/system/media_attachments/files/111/524/166/911/767/775/original/492c0e0dcb4a27c0.mp4